Page 8 - DECO504_STATISTICAL_METHODS_IN_ECONOMICS_HINDI
P. 8
vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh; fof/;k¡
uksV tkrh gSa rkfd muosQ vk/kj ij Hkkoh fodkl&uhfr dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tk losQA ek;j ,oa okYMfou (Meier
and Baldwin) osQ erkuqlkj ¶tks jk"Vª viuh orZeku fLFkfr ,oa fodkl&;qDr xfrfof/;ksa osQ ckjs esa oqQN ugha
tkurs] os izk;% fo'o ekufp=kksa esa fiNM+s gq, jk"Vª dgdj lEcksf/r fd;s tkrs gSaA
1-1 lkaf[;dh dk mn~xe ,oa fodkl (Evolution and Development of
Statistic)
vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk 'kCn ‘Statistics’ teZu Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn ‘Statistik’ vkSj ySfVu Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn ‘Status’ ls fy;k
x;k gS ftudk vFkZ gSμjkT; vFkok ljdkjA dfo lezkV~ fofy;e 'ksDlfi;j (W. Shakespear) tku feYVu
(John Milton) rFkk fofy;e oMZ~loFkZ (W. Wordsworth) vkfn us Hkh ‘Statist’ 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d ,sls
O;fDr osQ fy;s fd;k Fkk tks jkT; ls lEcfU/r ys[kk&tks[kk osQ dk;Z esa fuiq.k gksA oSls ‘Statistics’ 'kCn dk
loZizFke iz;ksx djus dk Js; teZuh osQ izfl¼ xf.krkpk;Z xkWVizQk;M ,osQuoky (Golfried Achenwall), ftUgsa
lkaf[;dh dk tUenkrk Hkh dgk tkrk gS] dks izkIr gSA
bl vk/kj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkaf[;dh dh mRifÙk] lgh vFkks± esa] ^jktkvksa osQ foKku* (Science
of Kings) osQ :i esa gqbZ gSA izkphu bfrgkl dk vè;;u djus ij irk pyrk gS fd ;s 'kkld vius jkT; ls
lEcfU/r fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ lkef;d losZ{k.k djkrs jgrs Fks rkfd mUgsa okLrfod fLFkfr dk irk pyrk jgsA gk¡]
è;ku jgs] bu lezkVksa }kjk eq[; :i ls tu'kfDr] /u'kfDr rFkk lSU;&'kfDr tSlh lwpuk;sa] ,df=kr dh tkrh FkhaA
mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij 3050 bZ- iw- fo'ofo[;kr fijkfeMksa osQ fuekZ.k gsrq feJ osQ lezkV~ }kjk leadksa dk ladyu
djk;k x;k FkkA blh izdkj 1400 bZ- iwoZ lezkV~ jSesfll f}rh; us Hkwfe&lEcU/h vkSj ewlk lezkV~ us tkfr;ksa
dh x.kuk djk;h FkhA Hkkjr esa dkSfVY; osQ vFkZ'kkL=k] rqTosQ&ckojh vkSj vkbZu&,&vdcjh tSls xzUFk
lead&laxzg.k dh dyk dk thrk&tkxrk mnkgj.k is'k djrs gSaA
dkykUrj esa /hjs&/hjs bl foKku dk iz;ksx vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh fd;k tkus yxkA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij lksygoha
'krkCnh esa tkWUl oSQiyj us [kxksy'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa] lj VkWEl xzs'ke us vk£Fkd o lkekftd {ks=k esa] l=kgoha
'krkCnh esa thou leadksa osQ :i esa rFkk vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa xf.krh; {ks=k esa bl foKku dk iz;ksx 'kq: dj
fn;k x;kA blh 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku ikLdy] iQjeSV] cjukSyh] ykIysl rFkk xkSl tSls fo}kuksa us lEHkkouk fl¼kar]
fu;ferrk fl¼kar rFkk izlkekU; fl¼kar (Normal Law of Errors) dk izfriknu fd;kA mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa bl
foKku dks vkSj vf/d fodflr djus dk Js; D;wVys] uSi] pkfyZ;j izQkfUll xkYVu rFkk dkyZ fi;lZu egksn;
dks gSA orZeku 'krkCnh rks Lo;a esa ,d lkaf[;dh; ;qx gS ftlesa ekuo tkfr ls lEcfU/r lHkh foKkuksa esa bldk
iw.kZ:is.k iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA Jh fVisV (Tippet) us Bhd gh dgk gS fd ¶lkaf[;dh izR;sd O;fDr dks
izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj ekuo thou dks vusd fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ djrh gSA¸ gk¡! vkt
;g foKku osQoy 'kkldksa ,oa lezkVksa dh gh cikSrh ugha] cfYd vk£Fkd] lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd lHkh 'kkL=kksa dh
vk/kjf'kyk gSA
1-2 lkaf[;dh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Statistics)
lkaf[;dh dk ewy mís'; vuqlU/ku dk;Z dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk vè;;u] muosQ dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA lkaf[;dh jhfr;ksa osQ }kjk gh fdlh leL;k ls lEcfU/r Hkwrdky osQ leadksa dks ,d=k djosQ
mudh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lkisf{kd rqyuk dh tkrh gSA bUgha laedksa osQ }kjk ?kVukvksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa
osQ dkj.kksa vkSj muosQ ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ckW¯MxVu osQ vuqlkj] ¶lkaf[;dh; vUos"k.k dk
izeq[k mís'; Hkwrdkyhu ,oa orZeku rF;ksa dh rqyuk djosQ ;g Kkr djuk gS fd tks ifjorZu gq, gSa muosQ D;k
2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
