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'kSf{kd rduhdh




                  uksV
                  uksV          f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa bl izk:i dk {ks=k dkiQh foLr`r gS vkSj blesa 'kksèk osQ fy, vusd vk;ke ,oa leL;k,¡ gSaA
                                f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa mís';ksa osQ fuèkkZj.k] mís';ksa dks fof'k"V O;kogkfjd inksa esa fy[kus rFkk vè;kidksa esa
                                dkS'ky fodflr djus osQ fy, ;g izk:i gekjs fy, cgqr mikns; gSA blosQ ekè;e ls f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa rFkk
                                f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ikB&;kstuk cukus esa rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k gsrq ;g
                                oSèkkfud vkèkkj iznku djrk gSA
                                lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd esa bl izk:i vkSj vusd 'kSf{kd izfreku (Teaching Models) ls izeq[k izfreku
                                fuEukafdr gSaµ


                                  1-  tks£t;k 'kSf{kd izfreku

                                  2-  foldksuflu fo'ofo|ky; izfreku
                                  3-  'kS{kf.kd izfreku funsZ'ku
                                  4-  ÝyksfjMk ekWMy (Florida Model)
                                  5-  fe'khxu LVsV ekWMy (Michine State Model)
                                  6-  fljkD;wt ekWMy (Syracuse Model)

                                  7-  f'k{kd dkWyst ekWMy
                                  8-  jhtuy yScksjsVjh ekWMy
                                  9-  VhplZ iQkj nh jh;y oYMZ ekWMy (Teachers for the Real World Model)A
                                izf'k{k.k euksfoKku izk:i dh mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Training Psychology Design)
                                  1-  f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izfreku fodflr djus esa ;g vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA

                                  2-  vuqns'ku (Instructions) fodflr esa lgk;d gSA
                                  3-  f'k{kd dks dk;Z&fo'ys"k.k dj rRoksa esa foHkkftr dj mUgsa mfpr Øe iznku djrh gSA
                                  4-  czka¯px vfHkØfer vè;;u blh osQ fl¼kUrksa dk ifj.kke gSA
                                  5-  f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh iz;ksxkRed leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djrh gSA
                                  6-  orZeku izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa lqèkkj ykus esa iz;Ru'khy gSA

                                  7-  izf'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa osQ fuèkkZj.k djus esa enn nsrh gS vkSj okLrfod 'kSf{kd izf'k{k.k osQ dk;ZØeksa  dks
                                      vk;ksftr djus dh ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djrh gSA

                                  8-  Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, mUgsa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA
                                  9-  ;g izk:i Remedial instructions, development of curriculum rFkk Instructional
                                      Material rS;kj djus esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA
                                 10-  f'k{k.k rFkk izf'k{k.k dks ;g izHkko'kkyh cukrh gSA

                                4-4 lEizs"k.k fu;a=k.k izk:i (Cybernetics Design)


                                lEizs"k.k fu;U=k.k 'kCn Cybernatics dk fgUnh i;kZ; gSA Cybernetics xzhd Hkk"kk osQ Kybernets ls
                                fudyk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ik;yV (Pilot) ;k iz'kkld (Governor)A Kybornem 'kCn dk vfHkizk; 'kklu
                                djus ls gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd lEizs"k.k fu;U=k.k] iz'kklu djus dh ,d O;oLFkk vFkok izk:i gSA It

                                is a Science of Communication and Control. blesa fu;U=k.k vkèkkjHkwr rRo gSA fu;U=k.k ls vfHkizk;
                                ;gk¡ ij ^ijLij lEc¼ jgus ls gS*A ¹;g izk:i ¶xfr'khyrk rFkk Lopkyu (Self-regulation) dks y{;
                                ekurk gqvk bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd lEizs"k.k fu;U=k.k izfØ;k dh leLr fofèk;k¡ Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dks
                                fu;fU=kr djosQ muosQ O;ogkj esa visf{kr ifjorZu yk;saA¸º
          36                               LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
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