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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes in the form of mental activities. All the methods which have so far been developed to measure
intelligence, measure only the mental activities of a person and on the basis of the same the intelligence
of a person is determined. In that sense, the mental activities will amount to be intellectual activities.
The psychologists will have to understand the activities of brain, mind and intelligence separately,
only then they will be able to discover the true concept of intelligence.

According to Thurston, these seven mental abilities function in the form of intelligence.
He further clarified that these abilities are independent in their own; a person develops
according to the amount of these seven abilities.

32.4.2 Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence
All psychologists are not in agreement as regards the structure of intelligence. However, the facts
that they have made out in respect of intelligence, may be considered as the nature and characteristics
of intelligence.
1. Intelligence is Hereditary Capacity : Western psychologist Burt, Shields, Seal, Jenson and
Schocaley, on the basis of their experiments reached the conclusion that human intelligence is
hereditary. As the height of a person depends on the hereditary genes, in the same way, his
intelligence is also depends on hereditary genes.
2. Environment is Important for Proper Development of Intelligence : Western psychologists
Dwirsk, Mcland, Gaig and Common on the basis of their experiments, reached the conclusion
that suitable environment is necessary for the development of hereditary intelligence. As the
height of a person is determined by hereditary genes, but needs proper nutrition for its
development, in the same way, development of intelligence requires suitable social and
educational environment.
3. Development of Human Intelligence is Completed by the Age of 20 : Western psychologist
Pintner made out this fact on the basis of his study that the development of hereditary
intelligence is completed by the end of 16 years. According to some other psychologists, the
development of intelligence is completed by the age of 20 years, after this there is no increase
in the intelligence quotient (I.Q.).
4. Yogic Exercise can Enhance Hereditary Intelligence : As contrary to the conclusions of the
western psychologists, the Indian yoga psychologists claim that hereditary intelligence of a
person can be enhanced from 30 to 45% with the use of yogic exercise and this fact has now
been accepted by the western psychologists too.
5. Gender Causes no Difference in Intelligence : Western psychologists Kole and Brush on the
basis of their experiments concluded that there is no difference in intelligence on the basis of
gender, and this fact is accepted by all.
32.4.3 Types of Intelligence
Psychologist Thorndike mentioned three types of intelligence : motor or mechanical intelligence,
abstract intelligence and social intelligence. Garette named motor or mechanical intelligence as
concrete intelligence. At present, these three are considered to be the types of intelligence.
1. Concrete Intelligence : The intelligence that assists the human beings in understanding the
structure and act accordingly is termed concrete intelligence by Thorndike. It is concrete because
it helps in understanding the concrete objects and performing concrete activities. Such
intelligence is also called motor intelligence or mechanical intelligence. The children endowed
with more of this intelligence, take special interest in breaking and joining of objects. They also

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