Page 393 - DEDU504_EDUCATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_AND_EVALUATION_ENGLISH

Unit 32 : Measurement of Attitude, Aptitude, Personality and Intelligence

(iii) After this, the subjects are given test related general instructions; such as, not to open the test Notes
unless ordered, etc.
• The psychologists have expressed the fact that a child becomes that for which he has aptitude.
If a child is given opportunity to develop according to his aptitude, he progresses leaps and
bounds, and if attempt is made to develop contrary aptitudes, the child does not progress in
the desired direction and fails to obtain proficiency.
• The aptitudes of the students are known.
• The development of a person does not depend only upon hereditary aptitudes, but upon so
many other facts.
(i) First, the development of a child’s aptitude depends on environment, education and training.
As such, he cannot be guided alone on the basis of obtained results of the aptitude test.
(ii) Second a child’s development is also dependent on his intelligence, interest, inclination,
ability and capacity besides his aptitude.
• Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psycho-physical systems
that determine his unique adjustment to his environment — G.W. Allport
• Psycho-Analytical Theory : This theory was propounded by psychologist Sigmund Freud.
Freud analysed the mental activities of a person, and said on its basis that the behaviour of
man is more dependent on his unconscious mind than conscious.
• Type Theories : Some psychologists have analysed a person’s personality on the basis of his
biological characteristics, and some on his psychological characteristics. Here is presented
an example of each these two theories.
• Constitutional Theory : Psychologist W.H. Sheldon studied the relationship between
the physical constitution of a man and his personality traits and concluded that physical
constitution and traits of personality have deep relationship.
(i) Edomorphic : This type of persons are easy going, entertaining, food loving and
happy-go-lucky by nature.
(ii) Mesomorphic : Such people are exciting, adventurous, influential and aim-centred.
(iii) Ectomorphic : The people of this shape are peace loving and solitary. They sleep
less and get tired easily. They are mostly cruel by nature.
• Psychological Trait Theory : Psychologist Jung studied the mental nature of man and its
relationship with his personality traits, and concluded that there is deep relationship
between mental nature and the personality traits of a person. On the basis of psychological
traits, he mentioned two types of personality : extrovert and introvert.
(i) Extrovert : Such persons are social by nature.
(ii) Introvert : Such people like to live alone do like less to meet others and fall into
friendship with few people.
Sometimes they are extrovert in their behaviour and sometimes introvert. They named
such persons as ambivert.

• Trait Theories : The word ‘trait’ in the context of personality means a permanent trait of a
person.
(i) Allport’s Trait Theory : According to Allport, personality is that behaviour of a person which
is guided by certain traits present in him. Allport has divided the personality traits into two
classes — common traits and personal traits.
(ii) Cattell’s Trait Theory : According to Cattell, personality is related with both overt and covert
behavious of a persons.

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 387