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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes • Need Theory : This theory was propounded by psychologist Henry A. Murray. Murray
emphasised on this fact that man is an inspired creature which tries to reduce the stresses
arising as a result of internal needs and external pressures.

• The psychologists are not in agreement regarding the concept of personality.
(i) Personality is a Multi-Dimensional Concept : A person’s personality comprises of both his
innate powers and acquired traits. The important among them are : physical and mental
health, self-consciousness, will power, sociability, adjustability, and developmental continuity.
(ii) The Permanent Traits and Abilities of a Person are the Part of His Personality : Permanent
traits are those qualities which are always expressed in one’s behaviour. And permanent
abilities mean those abilities which a person always makes use of.
(iii) Personality is the Integrated Structure of Different Traits and Abilities : The personality of a
person is not the sum total of his innate powers and acquired traits and abilities, rather it is
a specific structure.
(iv) As the houses made from bricks, cement, iron and wood are different from one another, so
are the personalities of different persons made from integration of different traits and abilities.
(v) A person’s personality comprises of his internal and external factors, and the development
of these two depends on both heredity and environment.
(vi) Both heredity and environment are essential for the development of a person's personality.
(vii) A person is connected with several persons, groups and institutions. These persons, groups
and institutions always keep changing, and so his mode of behaviour also keep changing.
• Classification on the Basis of Physical Constitution
Some psychologists have classified personality on the basis of physical constitution.
(i) Asthenic : Kretschmer has placed those person in this group who are tall and weak and
often like to live alone and enjoy criticising others.
(ii) Athletic : Kretschmer has placed those persons in this group who are healthy sound and
strong and have the capacity to adjust well.
(iii) Pynic : Kretschmer has placed those persons in this group who are short in height but
healthy, easy going and entertaining.
• Classification on the Basis of Nature
(i) Chalenic
(ii) Melancholy
(iii) Phlegmatic
(iv) Sanguine
• Classification on the Basis of Values
(i) Theoretical
(ii) Economical
(iii) Social
(iv) Political

(v) Religious
(vi) Aesthetic
• Classification on the Basis of Social Interaction
(i) Introvert

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