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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes • Situation Tests
(i) Sociometric Method
(ii) Psycho-Drama
• Physiological Tests
• Projective Methods of the Measurement of Personality
(i) Association Technique : In this method, certain stimuli are presented before the subject, and
he is asked to give his response to them.
(ii) Construction Technique : In this method, the subject is presented with some stimuli and he
is asked to construct something on their basis.
(iii) Completion Technique : In this method, the subject is presented with an incomplete
construction. It can be in the form of incomplete sentence, poem or story.
(iv) Ordering or Choice Technique : In this method, the measurer presents certain objects, pictures,
words, statements, values and principles before the subject and asks him to order them in
order of his preference.
(v) Expression Technique : In these methods, the subject is free to give his response to the
stimuli presented before him.
• Theories of Test : Rorschach was a psycho-therapist.
• Use in the Field of Education
(i) For selection of students for admission.
(ii) For finding out interests, aptitudes, desires and needs of the students.
(iii) For knowing the internal mental condition and social relations of students.
(iv) For diagnosis and remedies of personal problems of the students.
(v) For providing individual, educational and vocational guidance to the students.
• Limitations of Personality Tests
(i) Most personality tests measure only limited personality traits, so no one test can be used to
measure all personality traits correctly.
(ii) The so far published projective tests for personality measurement are very difficult to
administer and analyse.
(iii) The data of personality testing are influenced by several factors, so correct measurement of
a person’s personality at any given time can not be done properly.
• Unitary or Monarchic Theory : Binet, Terman and Stern, on the basis of their experiments,
reached the conclusion that intelligence is a unit factor, power or energy which affects all
activities of a person. According to this theory, if the intelligence of a person is sharp.
• Two Factor or Bi-Factor Theory : British psychologist Spearman concluded from his experiments
that intelligence is the sum total of two powers or abilities. He described the first factor as
general mental ability (G) and the other, specific mental ability (S).
• Three Factor Theory : Spearman himself was able to understand the shortcoming of his Two
Factor Theory, so he propounded the Three Factor Theory to do away with the shortcoming of
Two Factor Theory.
• Multi-Factor or Anarchic Theory : This theory was propounded by American psychologist,
Thorndike. According to him, there is no factor as general ability (G) in the intelligence.
Intelligence is the sum total of several specific factors or elements, and several elements come
together to perform any mental task.

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