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'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu




                    uksV           (ii)  ekun.M ijh{k.k ^vuqns'kkRed mís';ksa* dh izkfIr es crykrs gSa rFkk ;g Hkh tkudkjh gksrh gS fd Nk=k
                                        osQ lh[kus esa dgk¡ ij de”kksjh jghA
                                   (iii)  ekun.M ijh{k.k osQ fuekZ.k esa vuqns'ku rFkk f'k{k.k osQ lHkh mn~ns';ksa ij iz'uksa dh jpuk dh tkrh gS]
                                        ftlls mn~n';ksa dh n`f"V ls oS/ cuk;k tk losQA
                                  •  ekun.M lacaf/r ijh{k.kksa osQ ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSμ ekun.M ijh{k.k ekud ijh{k.kksa ls mfpr rFkk oS/ gksrs
                                     gSa D;ksafd bu ijh{k.kksa esa izkIr fd;s x, vadksa }kjk Nk=k dh okLrfod ;ksX;rk dk irk pyrk gS] mlus ikB~;Øe
                                     osQ vuqlkj] fdl izdkj vkSj fdruk lh[kk] rFkk vè;;u lkexzh ls fdruk lh[kk bu lcdh tkudkjh ekun.M
                                     lacaf/r ijh{k.kksa ls Kkr gksrh gSaA
                                  •  ekun.M lacaf/r ijh{k.k osQ ykHk osQ lkFk oqQN lhek,¡ Hkh gSa] ;s lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaA
                                    (i)  bu ijh{k.kksa dks oSa/ rFkk fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, vR;f/d ifjJe rFkk le; O;; gksrk gSA
                                   (ii)  ;s ijh{k.k oqQN fof'k"V mís';ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, cuk;s tkrs gSa vr% ;s cM+s lewg osQ izn'kZu osQ
                                        ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
                                  •  ekun.M laca/h ijh{k.k dbZ izdkj ls mi;ksxh gksrs gSμ
                                    (i)  d{kkè;kid bu ijh{k.kksa dk mi;ksx nSfud xfrfof/;ksa esa Nk=k osQ izn'kZu }kjk mudk ewY;kadu djus esa
                                        djrs gSaA
                                   (ii)  bu ijh{k.kksa }kjk Nk=k dk d{kk Lrj] fo|ky; Lrj] jkT; Lrj ij 'kSf{kd ewY;kadu] rFkk 'kSf{kd tokcnsgh
                                        osQ fy, ykHkizn lkfcr gksrs gSaA

                                  13-7 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                     •  ekun.Mμfuf'pr ekudA
                                     •  cqf¼ dkS'kyμcqf¼eÙkkA

                                  13-8 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)


                                    1-  ekun.M lEcfU/r ijh{k.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
                                    2-  ekun.M lEcaf/r ijh{k.k osQ D;k ykHk gSa\ laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A
                                    3-  ekun.M lEcaf/r ijh{k.k dh lhekvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, bldh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self  Assessment)

                                          1. ewY;kadu         2. ikB~;Øe        3. vf/xe        4. fo'oluh;rk
                                          5. vuqns'ku rFkk f'k{k.k

                                  13-9 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                            1. f'k{k.k vf/xe dk euksfoKkuμ MkW- vkj- ,- 'kekZ_ vkj- yky- cqd fMiksA

                                            2. 'kSf{kd ,oa ekufld ekiuμ MkW- vkj- ,- 'kekZ_ vkj- yky- cqd fMiksA

                                            3. ekufld ekiu ,oa ewY;kaduμ MkW- vkj- ,- 'kekZ_ vkj- yky- cqd fMiksA




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