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ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
È؇ fJ; bJh ftPtk:'rsk Bz{ e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N bJh gfoGkfPs eoBk nkw fojk j? fe Uj j~d fi; s~e
gqdoPB torheoD ;wkBKso gqPk;B T[Zs/ fBozso j'D.
T[dkjoD bJh, fJj fBoXkfos ehsk ik ;edk j? fe 80# T[whdtko nk:'fis ehs/ rJ/ e;"Nh ;zdofGs
N?;N d/ ;wkBKso o{g d[nkok th T[;/ soK torhfeqs ehs/ iKd/ jB id'A fe N?;N nk:'iB d/ ;w/A e'Jh
iK pj[s E'V/ fBod/P j'D. fJj fJ~e wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N bJh ;wkBKso o{g ftPtk;:'rsk dh soK
jh j?, coe J/Bk j? fe e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N ft~u fXnkB ;e'o dh EK fBoD/ s/ j[zdk j?. feUAfe e;"Nh
;zdofGs N?;N d/ ;wkBKso gqPk;B x~N jh fttjkfoe j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh ;kbK ft~u fBoDk ;fEosk d/
J/eb gqPk;B nzdkfInK d/ sohe/ b~G/ rJ/ jB.
(iv) e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N ft~u, t?Xsk iKu dk fXnkB (1) N?;N wd ft~u ;w~roh ns/ wkgh ikD tkbh frnkB
ns/ e[Pbsk Bz{ fwbkUD T[Zs/ j[zdk j?. (2) N?;N wdK d/ fJ~em ns/ Uj eh wkgd/ jB ns/ ;w~roh dh
Uj v'w/B fijVh N?;NK d[nkok wkgh ikDh j?, Bz{ fwbkUD s/ j[zdk j?. N?;N ;w~roh dh ;w~roh dh v'w/B Bkb
“;zo/yD” Bz{ ;w~roh t?Xsk ;p{s fejk iKdk j?. gohyD nfGnk;K ft~u fJj Ppd ikfDnk wkfDnk j?.
eJh e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N T[Zu ;so ;'uD ns/ b/yD e[PbsktK fit/A ;w~f;nk j~b eoBk ns/ soeg{oD
;'u dk w[~bKeD eoD bJh pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJj fdykUDk fe fJ~e N?;N d/ ekoi ;~u jh fJ~fSs T[Zu
;so e[PbsktK dk w[~bKeD eo oj/ jB, wj~stg{oD j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh fBoDkswesk ns/ nB[GtiDe
;p{sK d/ fJ~em dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh t?Xsk ;p{s fJ~emk eoBk th e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/
w[~bKeD dh gqfeqnk ft~u Io{oh j' iKdk j?.
(v) PkfJd e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;G s'A w[Pfeb ns/ fttkdg{oD fj~;k gqdoPB wkDeK Bz{ ;Ekfgs
eoBk j? noEks ;e'o g?wkB/ T[Zs/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ gqdoPB torK fit/A “;cb” ns/ “n;cb” ft~u
t~y eoB bJh fpzd{ fBoXkfos eoBk. u[B"shnK t~vhnK jB feUAfe ft~fdnk ft~u e;"Nh ;zdofGs
N?;N ft~u oki ns/ okPNoh ;so d/ w[~bKeDK ft~u T[whdtkoK Bz{ e/tb d' torK ft~u jh BjhA pbfe
fszB, uko iK gzi torK ft~u tzvDk nkw j?. uko gqdoPB torK Bz{ n;cb, p[fBnkdh, e[Pb ns/
T[ZBs fejk iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;NK Bz{ fijV/ fe rb/;o (1962) ns/ g"gj?w ns/ j;e (1969)
d[nkok P[o{ ehs/ rJ/, v'w/B ;zdofGs N?;N, :'rsk gohyD, p[fBnkdh e"Pb gohyD,
wjkos gohyD, gqdoPB gohyD iK w[~bKeD, gqwkfDe nkebD, T[d/P ;zdofGs
gohyD, wkDe nkXkfos gohyD nkfd th fejk iKdk j?.

14H3
14H3
14H3 e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/ bkG (e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/ bkG (
14H3 e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/ bkG (
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/ bkG (
14H3 e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N d/ bkG (Advantages of Criterion Referenced
Test ( CRT ))) )) )
ftPk ;w~roh dh wkjkos
ftPk ;w~roh dh wkjkos
ftPk ;w~roh dh wkjkos
1H 1H 1H 1H 1H ftPk ;w~roh dh wkjkos
ftPk ;w~roh dh wkjkos
• e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N fJ~e fd~s/ gkmeqw ft~u ftfdnkoEhnK dh gqrsh gsk eoD bJh wkBdzv
;zdofGs N?;NK s'A nfXe ;Nhe j[zd/ jB. N?;N wdK Bz{ ftP/P gq'rokw T[d/PK Bkb w/b yKd/ pDkfJnk
ik ;edk j?. fJ~e e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N ft~u ;e'o d~;d/ jB fe gVh ikD tkbh ;w~roh T[Zs/
nkXkfos gqPBK dk T[whdtko fezBh uzrh soK T[Zso d/ ;ed/ jB id'A fe fJ~e wkBdzv ;zdofGs
N?;N d/ ;e'o d~;d/ jB fe ftfdnkoEh d/ ;e'o d{i/ ftfdnkoEh d/ ;e'o d/ w[ekpb/ fe; soK d/ jB.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;EkfBe gqpzX ehsk ik ;edk j?.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;EkfBe gqpzX ehsk ik ;edk j?.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;EkfBe gqpzX ehsk ik ;edk j?.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;EkfBe gqpzX ehsk ik ;edk j?.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N dk ;EkfBe gqpzX ehsk ik ;edk j?.
• ftfdnkoEh gqrsh dk w[~bKeD eoBk nfijh uhI j? fijVh jo nfXnkge Bz{ eoBh ukjhdh j?.
e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N iwks ft~u jh ftef;s ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. i/eo wkDe BjhA th g{o/ j[zd/ sK

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