Page 199 - DEDU504_EDUCATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_AND_EVALUATION_PUNJABI

fJekJh^15L wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N
fJekJh^15L wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N
fJekJh^15L wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N
fJekJh^15L wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N
fJekJh^15L wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N
nkfrnk fdzd/ jB. wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N N?;N wdK ftef;s eo e/ ns/ fco fJj N?;N ftfdnkoEhnK È؇
d/ fJ~e ;w{j Bz{ fijV/ fe s[bBk dk nkXko pDBr/, d/ e/ nk:'fis ehsk iKdk j?. e~u/ ;e'oK dh ftnkfynk
ns/ jo ;e'o bJh gqdoPB ;so fBoXkfos eoD bJh ;zfyneh ftXhnK gq:'r ehshnK iKdhnK jB. eJh
N?;N wkDe ;e'o T[sgzB eod/ jB, fijV/ ftfdnkoEh d/ ;e'oK dh s[bBk j'o N?;NK Bkb eoD dh nkfrnk
fdzd/ jB. Uj nfij/ gqPBK dk T[Zso fdzd/ jB fit/A, “eh ftfdnkoEh dk T[gbpXh ;e'o T[; d/
;zfrnkBkswe ;e'o d/ nB[o{g j?<” UBK d'jK ;e'oK ft~u nzso dh fvroh fe;/ ;[Xko iK ft~fdnk n:'rsk
dk ;[Mkn d/ ;edh j?.
wkBdzv dh gqfeqnk s'A pknd, N?;NK Bz{ ftfdnkoEhnK iK ftneshnK d/ nkebD bJh wkDehfeqs iK T[Zu
fBofws gqPk;eh gqfeqnktK dk gq:'r eo e/ tofsnk iKdk j?. wkBdzv dh gqfeqnk d/ d"okB ftef;s ehs/
rJ/ g?wkfBnK dk gq:'r eo e/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqdoPB dk nkebD ehsk iKdk j?.
nfXnkge wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N Bz{ nfXnkgB gq'rokw dh gqGktPhbsk dk nkebD eoD bJh gq:'r eod/
jB sK fe Uj ftfdnkoEhnK dh gq'rokwK bJh fsnkoh fBoXkfos eo ;eD ns/ Xkok 504 d/ sfjs o{gKsoK
iK fB:[eshnK ns/ IDEA ftP/P ft~fdnk gq'rokwK dh :'rsk bJh B?dkfBe fBoXkoD eo ;eD.

15H2 wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N dh Io{os wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N dh Io{os
15H2 wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N dh Io{os
15H2
15H2 wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N dh Io{os
15H2 wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N dh Io{os (( (( (Need for Norm Referenced Test
(NRT))) )) )
fJ~e wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N (NRT) d/ gq:'r dk w[~y ekoD ftfdnkoEhnK dk torheoD eoBk j?. NRTs
Bz{ ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK T[gbpXhnK d/ nzsoK Bz{ T[ikro eoD bJh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ;e{b gqDkbhnK
PkfJd ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJ; sohe/ Bkb torhfeqs eoBk ukj[D sK fe UBK Bz{ T[gkukokswe iK T[gjko
gq'rokwK ft~u o~fynk ik ;e/. fJ; soK d/ N?;NK Bz{ nfXnkgeK Bz{ ftfGzB ywsk ;so gVB d/ gq'rokw iK
rfDs f;~fynk ;w{j bJh ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ u[DB ft~u ;jkfJe j'D bJh th gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.
wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N bJh, ;kotifBe T[pgbpXsk s'A gfjbK fJj N?;N ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fJ~e gqshfBXh ;w{j
Bz{ fd~sk iKdk j?. SgkJh s'A pknd fijV/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ N?;N fd~sk iKdk j?, UBK d/ ;e'oK dh s[bBk fJ;
wkBdzv ;w{j d/ ;e'oK Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. e?bhc'oBhnk T[gbpXh N?;N, nkfJUtk N?;N Uc p/f;e ;febI
(foto;kJhv) ns/ w?No'gkbhNB T[gbpXh N?;N (;kJhe'b'iheb ekog'o/PB) nkfd N?;N ftfdnkoEhnK d/
okPNoh Bw{B/ dk gq:'r eo e/ wkBdzfvs ehs/ iKd/ jB. feUAfe fJ~e N?;N d/ wkBdzv pDkUDk pj[s ftnkge
ns/ ehwsh gqfeqnk j?, fJ; bJh fJj N?;N SkgeK d[nkok ;kbK s~e gq:'r ehs/ iKd/ jB. nrb/ ;~s ;kb s~e
fizB th ftfdnkoEh N?;N fdzd/ jB, UBK d/ ;e'oK dh s[bBk fJ; wkBdzv ;w{j Bkb ehsh iKdh j?.

fi~E/ wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N ftfdnkoEhnK d/ o?Ae fBPfus eod/ jB, T[ZE/ e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N (CRTs)
fBoXkfos eod/ jB, “...i' N?;N d/D tkb/ eo ;ed/ jB ns/ i' Uj ikDd/ jB, fJj BjhA fe UBK dh d{finK
Bkb s[bBk fe; soK ehsh iKdh j?.” e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N CRTs fog'oN eod/ jB fe ftfdnkoEh ft~fdne
T[d/PK d/ ftP/P ;w{j T[Zs/ g{ot fBoXkfos gqdoPB ;so d/ ;zdoG ft~u fe; soK dk gqdoPB eod/ jB.
nfXnkge iK Bhsh fBowksk e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N CRTs Bz{ u[D ;ed/ jB id'A Uj ikDBk ukj[D fe
ftfdnkoEhnK B/ T[; frnkB iK e[Pbsk Bz{ fezBk f;~fynk j? fi; ft~u UBK Bz{ wjkos gqkgs eoD bJh fejk
frnk j?. fJj ;{uBk fJj fBoXkfos eoD bJh gq:'r ehsh iKdh j? fe ftfdnkoEh fezBk f;~y oj/ jB ns/
;e{b UBk Bz{ fezBh uzrh soK gkmeqw f;yk fojk j?.
wkBdzv ;zdofGs N?;N NRTs ns/ e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;N CRTs d't/A jh wkDehfeqs jB. :{H n?;H eKro;,
nkfc; nkc N?eB'b'ih n;?Z;w?AN (1992) fJ~e wkDehfeqs N?;N Bz{ fJ; soK gfoGkfPs eodk j?, fJ~e
nfijk N?;N fijVk gqPk;B ns/ ;e'fozr dhnK ;wkB gqfeqnktK gq:'r eo/ sK fe ftfGzB b'eK d/ Bshi/
s[bBk:'r j'D. i/eo ;wkB ;e'fozr ns/ gqPk;B dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/ sK pj[ftebg s'A b? e/ fBpzXkswe
ns/ w"fye N?;N nkfd fe;/ th N?;N Bz{ wkDehfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; dk noE j? ftfdnkoEhnK d/
;e'oK dh s[bBk ;zGt j?. nfXeso okPNoh, oki ns/ fibk ;so d/ N?;N wkDehfeqs j[zd/ jB sK fe ;G
ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ ;e{bK bJh jo ;e'o dh ;wkB ftXh Bkb ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;e/.

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