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bdkbZ—11: ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk vkSj mlosQ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd lg&laca/




            bu nksuksa izfrekuksa osQ ihNs lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dkjd gSaA ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk fdlh Hkh lkekftd  uksV
            laLFkk dh rjg viuh lkekftd lajpuk dh mit gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekr`oa'k ijEijk mu vkfFkZd
            O;oLFkkvksa ls tqM+h gS tks fL=k;ksa dh LorU=krk dks vkSj muosQ vius jgu&lgu dh O;oLFkk djus osQ vfèkdkjksa
            dks ekU;rk nsrh gSA bu O;oLFkkvksa esa iq#"k f'kdkj [ksyus] yM+kbZ djus vkSj O;kikj djus tSlh oqQN vkfFkZd
            xfrfofèk;ksa esa fgLlk ysrs gSa tcfd fL=k;k¡ lkekU; thou&;kiu osQ lkèku tqVkrh gSaA




               VkLd   Hkkjr esa ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk dk o.kZu djksA

            11-5 lkjka'k (Summary)


              • vfrfjDr fu;eksa vkSj lkekftd ifjikfV;ksa }kjk foLr`r ukrsnkjh lewgksa dk xBu gksrk gS] tSls foLr`r ifjokj
                 ;k oa'k ;k xks=k ;k dchykA
              • mÙkj Hkkjr esa fir`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa ekr`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh gSA
              • ekr`oa'k ijaijk fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa esa gSA bu nksuksa izfrekuksa osQ ihNs lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
                 vkfFkZd dkjd gSA
              • ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk fdlh Hkh lkekftd laLFkk dh rjg viuh lkekftd lajpuk dh mit gksrh gSA

            11-6 'kCndks'k  (Keywords)

             1- oqQy (Clan)— ,d ,sls jDr ewyd ,d i{kh; oa'k lewg dks oqQy dgrs gSa] ftlosQ lnL; fdlh Kkr
                 iwoZt ls viuh ih<+hxr lacaèkksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA oqQy dh lnL;rk iw.kZr% jDr lacaèkksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
                 gSA

             2- lekurk,¡ (Similarities)— fookg }kjk LFkkfir laca/ nksuksa gh O;oLFkkvksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

            11-7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

              1-  ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk crk,¡A

              2-  ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk ;k oa'kkoyh <kapk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk vkSj mlosQ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd lg&lacaèk crk,¡A
            mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)

               1- egÙoiw.kZ               2- b.Mks&vk;Zu           3- oa'k

              4. (d) oSQFkyhu xI+kQ       5- (d) cfgfoZokg         6- ([k) yqbZ MÔweksaA


            11-8   lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)



                iqLrdsa  1- lksyg laLdkjµLokeh vo/s'ku] eukst ifCyosQ'kuA

                         2-  Hkkjr esa ifjokfjd lekt'kkL=k dk fodklµvYdk jkuh] Mh- osQ- ifCy'klZ fMLVªhcwVlZA





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