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bdkbZ—11: ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk vkSj mlosQ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd lg&laca/
bu nksuksa izfrekuksa osQ ihNs lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dkjd gSaA ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk fdlh Hkh lkekftd uksV
laLFkk dh rjg viuh lkekftd lajpuk dh mit gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekr`oa'k ijEijk mu vkfFkZd
O;oLFkkvksa ls tqM+h gS tks fL=k;ksa dh LorU=krk dks vkSj muosQ vius jgu&lgu dh O;oLFkk djus osQ vfèkdkjksa
dks ekU;rk nsrh gSA bu O;oLFkkvksa esa iq#"k f'kdkj [ksyus] yM+kbZ djus vkSj O;kikj djus tSlh oqQN vkfFkZd
xfrfofèk;ksa esa fgLlk ysrs gSa tcfd fL=k;k¡ lkekU; thou&;kiu osQ lkèku tqVkrh gSaA
VkLd Hkkjr esa ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk dk o.kZu djksA
11-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
• vfrfjDr fu;eksa vkSj lkekftd ifjikfV;ksa }kjk foLr`r ukrsnkjh lewgksa dk xBu gksrk gS] tSls foLr`r ifjokj
;k oa'k ;k xks=k ;k dchykA
• mÙkj Hkkjr esa fir`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa ekr`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh gSA
• ekr`oa'k ijaijk fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa esa gSA bu nksuksa izfrekuksa osQ ihNs lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd dkjd gSA
• ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk fdlh Hkh lkekftd laLFkk dh rjg viuh lkekftd lajpuk dh mit gksrh gSA
11-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- oqQy (Clan)— ,d ,sls jDr ewyd ,d i{kh; oa'k lewg dks oqQy dgrs gSa] ftlosQ lnL; fdlh Kkr
iwoZt ls viuh ih<+hxr lacaèkksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA oqQy dh lnL;rk iw.kZr% jDr lacaèkksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
gSA
2- lekurk,¡ (Similarities)— fookg }kjk LFkkfir laca/ nksuksa gh O;oLFkkvksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
11-7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk crk,¡A
2- ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk ;k oa'kkoyh <kapk esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk vkSj mlosQ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd lg&lacaèk crk,¡A
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)
1- egÙoiw.kZ 2- b.Mks&vk;Zu 3- oa'k
4. (d) oSQFkyhu xI+kQ 5- (d) cfgfoZokg 6- ([k) yqbZ MÔweksaA
11-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrdsa 1- lksyg laLdkjµLokeh vo/s'ku] eukst ifCyosQ'kuA
2- Hkkjr esa ifjokfjd lekt'kkL=k dk fodklµvYdk jkuh] Mh- osQ- ifCy'klZ fMLVªhcwVlZA
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