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bdkbZ—12: Hkkjrh; la?kokn

12-2 la?kkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Federal Features) uksV

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa yxHkx og lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa tksfd ,d la?kkRed lafo/ku] tSls fd vesfjdk osQ
lafo/ku] esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks tkuus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge la?kkRed jkT; dh Li"V
ifjHkk"kk ,oa y{k.kksa dks tku ysaA lk/kj.k 'kCnksa esa] la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ls vfHkizk; og O;oLFkk gS ftlesa
la?kh; ljdkj rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa esa ,d fyf[kr lafo/ku }kjk 'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa
la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ

1- nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk (Dual Polity): Hkkjrh; lafo/ku nksgjh 'kklu&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ,d
vksj osQUnzh; ljdkj dk;Z djrh gS rFkk nwljh vksj jkT;ksa esa jkT; ljdkjsa dk;Z djrh gSaA nksuksa dk {ks=kkf/dkj
vyx&vyx gSA osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ eq[; vax jk"Vªifr] iz/kueU=kh] efU=k&ifj"kn~ o laln gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa osQ
eq[; vax xouZj] eq[;ea=kh] efU=kifj"kn~ vkSj jkT; fo/kue.My gSaA nksuksa ljdkjksa osQ oS/kfud] iz'kklfud vkSj
foÙkh; lEcU/ lafo/ku }kjk fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA osQUnzh; laln jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gS]
muosQ uke cny ldrh gS] ,d ;k nks jkT;ksa dk oqQN {ks=k dkV dj jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gS ijUrq og
jkT;ksa dks lekIr djosQ ns'k esa ,dkRed 'kklu LFkkfir ugha dj ldrhA
2- 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu (Division of Powers): la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa osQUnzh; vFkok la?kh; ljdkj
rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa esa lÙkk dk foHkktu gksrk gSA blh lÙkk foHkktu osQ dkj.k gh la?k jkT; dk ,d fyf[kr
lafo/ku gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ksa dks rhu lwfp;ksa (Lists) esa ck¡Vk x;k
gSA os gSaµ(i) la?kh; lwph (Union List) blesa 97 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj osQUnzh;
vFkok la?kh; ljdkj dks gS] (ii) jkT; lwph (State List) blesa 66 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk
vf/drj jkT; ljdkjksa dks gSa] rFkk (iii) lk¡>h lwph (Concurrent List) bl lwph esa 47 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa
ij osQUnzh; rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa nksuksa dks dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj gSA ckdh fo"k; (Residuary Subjects)
tks bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa ugha gSa] mu ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj osQUnz dks gSA osQUnz rFkk izkUr vius&vius
vf/dkj&{ks=k esa iw.kZ :i ls LorU=k gSaA
3- LorU=k U;k;ikfydk (Independent Judiciary): D;ksafd la?kkRed lafo/ku esa osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa esa
'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu gksrk gS rFkk muesa >xM+s mRiUu gksus dh lEHkkouk lnk cuh jgrh gSA vr% la?kh; O;oLFkk
esa ,d ^LorU=k U;k;ikfydk* dk gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk ,d iw.kZ :i ls LorU=k
U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa osQ vkilh >xM+ksa dk U;k; djus dk vf/dkj fn;k
x;k gSA lafo/ku dh O;k[;k djus dk vf/dkj U;k;ikfydk dks gSA U;k;ikfydk fdlh Hkh osQUnzh; vFkok
izkUrh; dkuwu dks vlaoS/kfud ?kksf"kr dj jí dj ldrh gSA U;k;ikfydk osQUnzh; ljdkj vFkok izkUrh; ljdkjsa
osQ gLr{ksi ls eqDr gSaA

4- f}&lnukRed fo/kuikfydk (Bicameral Legislature): Hkkjrh; laln osQ] ,d la?kh; laln osQ leku
nks lnu gSaµyksdlHkk (Lok Sabha) rFkk jkT;lHkk (Rajya Sabha) yksdlHkk fuEu lnu gS rFkk Hkkjrh;
turk }kjk izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ bl lnu osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA jkT;lHkk mifj lnu gS rFkk izkUrh;
fo/kuikfydkvksa }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ bl lnu osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA
5- fyf[kr lafo/ku (Written Constitution): baXyS.M esa ,dkRed ljdkj gS vkSj ogk¡ dk lafo/ku
vfyf[kr gS] ijUrq vesfjdk] vkLVªsfy;k] oSQusMk] fLoV~tjyS.M bR;kfn jkT;ksa esa la?kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk viukbZ
xbZ gS rFkk bu lHkh ns'kksa osQ lafo/ku fyf[kr gSaA Hkkjr Hkh ,d la?kh; jkT; gS rFkk bldk lafo/ku foLr`r :i

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