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fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh
fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh
fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh
fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh
fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh
fwEe fJj j? fe J/HUH fjT{w ns/ T[;d/ ;kEhnK B/ nzr/qia ;oeko d/ fJPko/ T[s/ jh Gkosh okPNoh eKro; BØN
dh ;ekgBk ehsh ;h. ssekbhB tkfJ;okJ/ bkov vcfoB d/ fBod/P, wkor doPB ns/ ;bkj *s/ jh fjT{w
B/ fJ; ;zrmB Bz{ iBw fdZsk ;h, sKfe T[; ;w/ Gkosh iBsk ftu g?dk s/ tXd/ j'J/ n;zs'P Bz{ fjz;k d/
itkbkw[yh d/ o{g ftu pkjo nkT[D ns/ c[ZND s' o'fenk ik ;e/ ns/ ‘nz;s'P dh jtk* Bz{ fpBk fe;/ yso/
d/ pkjo eZYD d/ bJh ;[ofyns, PkbhB, PKshg{oB ns/ ;zt?XkfBe fBek; iK ‘;[oZfynk tkbt* T[gbpX
eokfJnk ik ;e/. fJ; soQK Gkosh iBsk ftu y[dp[dksh fJe eqKshekoh :'rsk dk rbk x[ZN fdZsk frnk.
:kfB fJ; fwEe dk ;ko ;zy/g fJj j? fe T[; ;w/ fJe fjz;e eqKsh d;se d/ ojh ;h, i' eKro; dh ;EkgBk
d/ ekoB Nb rJh. Gkosh fJfsjk; d/ fiankdkso b/yeK B/ fJj rZb ;theko ehsh j?. fJ;h fBPeoP
d/ ekoB T[dkotkdh b/ye eKro; dh ;EkgBk Bz{ ;jh edw d;d/ jB, s/ gqrshPhb fJ;dk fJ;s/wkb fJj
;kps eoB d/ bJh eod/ jB fe eKro; nro ;wokitkd d/ gqsh fBPmktkB Bjh ojh, sK th xZN s' xZN
T[j ;wM'sktkdh s/ ojh j? id fe x'o dZyDgzEhnK d[nkok fJ; fwEe dk fJ;s/wkb fJj f;X eoB d/ bJh
ehsk iKdk fojk j? fe eKro; P[o{ s' jh r?o okPNotkdh ojh j?. fJj ;ko/ b'e fJe rZb s/ ;fjws jB
T[j fJj fe eKro; dk iBw fi; sohe/ Bkb j'fJnk, T[; sohe/ B/ fJ;d/ p[fBnkdh ufoZso ns/ GftZy
ftu T[;d/ ekoiK T[s/ fBoDkfJe gqGkt gkfJnk.

eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoe
9H1
9H1
9H1 eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoe
9H1 eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoe
9H1 eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoeeKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoe
ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (
ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (
ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (Stablishment of Congress,
ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (
ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (
Factors responsible for its Foundation and Theories
of its Origin)
‘:zr fJzvhnk* ftu 1916 ftZu gqekPs ngD/ b/y ftu BowgzEh B/sk bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ *;[oZfynk tkbt*
dh fJ; gfoebgBk dk fJ;s/wkb eKro; d/ BowgzEh gZy T[s/ wko eoB d/ bJh ehsk ;h. ‘;[oZfynk tkbt*
dh gfoebgBk T[s/ bzph uouk eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ b/y ftu T[BQK B/ fejk ;h fe “eKro; bkov vcfoB d/ fdwkr
dh T[gi j?.@ fJ;d/ pknd nkgDh rZb nZr/ tXkT[d/ j'J/ T[BQK B/ fbfynk ;h fe “eKro; dh ;EkgBk
dk T[d/P okiBhse nkiakdh jk;b eoB s'A fes/ fInkdk fJj ;h fe T[; ;w/I fpqfNP ;woki T[s/ nk;B ysfonK
s'I T[; Bz{ pukfJnk ik ;e/. eKro; d/ bJh fpqfNP ;woki d/ fjs gfjb/ ;EkB T[s/ ;h ns/ Gkos d/ fjs
d{i/ ;EkB s/. e'Jh fJj BjhA efj ;edk fe eKro; nkgD/ nkdoP (nzrq/iah ;woki d/ gqsh fBPmk) d/ gqsh
fJwkBdko BjhA ojh j?.” b/y d/ T[g;zjko ftu T[BQK B/ fejk ;h, “fJ; bJh fJj j? fe eKro; dh T[sgsh–
rzqEh ns/ gqrshPhb okPNotkdhnK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; Bz{ fBod'P mfjokT[D d/ bJh fJzBk ekch j?.”
fJ;d/ eohp 25–30 ;kbK pknd fJ; ftP/ *s/ oiBhgkw dZs d/ ‘gqwkfDe nfXn?B’ B/ sK ‘;[oZfynk tkbt’
d/ fwEe Bz{ tkwgzEh d/ ‘eZu/ wkb’ d/ o{g ftu jh ;Ekgs eo fdZsk. fJ; fwEe Bz{ pV/ I'odko Yzr Bkb T[mkT[Ad/
j'J/ T[BQK fbfynk fe ;oeko dh f;ZXh gfjb ns/ wkor–doPB d/ d[nkok eKro; j'Ad ftu nkJh. fJ;d/ bJh
“tkfJ;okJ/ d/ Bkb fwb e/ fJZe r[g–u[g :'iBk” fsnko ehsh rJh ;h, sKfe T[; ;w/A T[m ojh “fpqfNP–
fto'Xh bfjo ns/ iB n;zs'P dh skesK Bkb fpqfNP Pk;B dh oZfynk d/ bJh fJ;dk (eKro; dk) fJ;s/wkb
jfEnko d/ s"o *s/” ehsk ikt/. fJj fJe nk;u eqKsh Bz{ n;cb eoB dh e'fPP, iK fJzi ejhJ/ fe eqKsh
d/ nkT[D dh ehsh rJh g/Ppzdh ;h. mhe j? fe ;w/A ofjzd/ jh eKro; fJe okPNotkdh ;zrmB d/ o{g ftu
spdhb j' rJh, fJ;d/ “fBPmktkB ufoZso T[s/ okPNoh ufoZso jkth j'D bZrk” ns/ fJj iB nzd'bBK
dh tkje pD rJh b/feB fJ;d/ iBw d/ ;w/A dk ‘ebze’ fJ;dh okiBhsh T[s/ fJe ;EkJh dkr SZv frnk.
fJZe ;zrmB d/ o{g ftu fJ;dk fJj ‘d'jok ufoZso’ fe fJ; Bz{ ;oeko B/ pDkfJnk ns/ fco fJj ;woki–
fto'Xh nzd'bB dh nkr{ pDh, “fJ;d/ ;w{u/ fJfsjk; ftu Bio nkT[Adk j?.” fJ;B/ ;wokitkd d/ fybkc
;zxoP ehsk ns/ T[;d/ Bkb ;fj:'r th ehsk. fJ;B/ iB nzd'bBK dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/ id'A iBsk B/
eqKsh d/ o;s/ T[s/ tXDk P[o{ ehsk sK T[; Bz{ X'yk d/ e/ ;wokitkd dk ;kE fdZsk.
;qh dZs d/ nB[;ko fJ; soQK eKro; d/ d' o[y ;h– “fJZe gZy s/ iB nzd'bB d/ ‘yso/’ d/ fybkc ;wokitkd
d/ ;fj:'r dk ;h ns/ d{;ok gZy okPNoh ;zxoP ftu iBsk dh nrtkJh dk ;h.” r'yb/ s'A b? e/ rKXh se,

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