Page 162 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ7% laoSèkkfud lajpukμdk;Zikfydk

dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa 32 vkSj bfyuk;l esa 27 ls ysdj usokM] Mkykos;j] ojekSV çR;sd esa 3&3 gSaA fuokZpd&e.My uksV
dk dk;Z jk"Vªifr vkSj mi&jk"Vªifr pquus osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dqN ugha gSaA
fuokZpdksa dh ;ksX;rkμdksbZ ,slk O;fÙkQ] tks dk¡xzsl osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh dk lnL; gks vFkok la;qÙkQ jkT;
osQ vèkhu fdlh ykHk ;k mÙkjjnkf;Ro osQ in ij dk;Z dj jgk gks ;k VªLV osQ in gks] fuokZpd fu;qÙkQ ugha gks ldrkA
ernkrkμ fuokZpd dks çR;{k :i ls ernkrkvksa }kjk pquk tkrk gSA ernkrkvksa osQ lEcUèk esa 1970 bZ- esa ^ernku
vfèkdkj fu;e* esa la'kksèku fd;k x;kA blosQ iwoZ 21 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr çR;sd uj&ukjh dks er nsus dk vfèkdkj
çkIr Fkk] fdUrq vc 18 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr çR;sd uj&ukjh dks erkfèkdkj çnku dj fn;k x;k gSA nwljk ifjorZu
vkokl dh vofèk ls lacafèkr gSA 1970 osQ iwoZ vesfjdk esa de&ls&de 30 jkT; ,sls Fks] tgk¡ ogha O;fÙkQ ernku
dj ldrk Fkk tks de&ls&de ,d o"kZ jkT; esa yxkrkj jgk gksA ;g vofèk vc 30 fnu dj nh x;h gSA rhljk
ifjorZu ;g gqvk fd 1970 osQ la'kksèku osQ iwoZ ernkrk dks viuk uke iathd`r djokus ls iwoZ ,d lk{kjrk dh
ijh{kk nsuh gksrh FkhA vc ;g çfrcUèk Hkh gVk fn;k x;k gSA ,slk ifjorZu uhxzks ukxfjdksa dks erkfèkdkj çkIr djkus
osQ mís'; ls fd;k x;kA bu la'kksèkuksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1972 osQ jk"Vªifr pquko esa 1 djksM+ 10 yk[k vfrfjDr
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks er nsus dk vfèkdkj çkIr gqvkA
ernku vkSj x.kukμ çR;sd jkT; osQ fuokZpd ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij fnlEcj osQ f}rh; cqèkokj osQ i'pkr~ çFke
lkseokj dks ,d=k gksdj jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, nks çR;kf'k;ksa osQ i{k esa er nsaxsA ernku O;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ
vkèkkj ij rFkk xqIr ipks± (Secret Ballot) }kjk gksrk gSA buesa de&ls&de ,d O;fÙkQ ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks ml
jkT; dk fuoklh u gksaA fuokZpu osQ iQyLo:i rhu çek.k&i=k (Certificate) rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSa] ftlesa ,d
fMfLVªDV dksVZ esa lqjf{kr jgrk gS] nwljk Mkd }kjk flusV osQ vè;{k osQ ikl Hkstk tkrk gS vkSj rhljk mlosQ ikl
,d fo'ks"k lUns'k&okgd (Messenger) }kjk Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA 6 tuojh dks vè;{k] dkaxzsl osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ
lkeus mUgsa [kksysxk vksj mudh fxurh djsxkA jk"Vªifr vkSj mijk"Vªifr nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa osQ mEehnokjksa esa ftUgsa lokZfèkd
er çkIr gksxk] mUgsa] fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr fd;k tk;xk] ysfdu nksuksa fuokZpdksa dh oqQy la[;k dk cgqer çkIr gksuk
pkfg,A 20 tuojh dks jk"Vªifr 'kiFk xzg.k djrk gSA

tc fdlh mEehnokj dks Li"V cgqer ugha feyrkμ lafoèkku esa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ lEcUèk esa dqN vU;
micUèk Hkh gSA ;fn fdlh çR;k'kh dks Li"V cgqer çkIr u gks rks D;k gksxk\ lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj bl fLFkfr esa
çfrfufèk&lHkk mu ik¡p O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls (1804 bZñ osQ la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj rhu O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls) ftUgsa Øe'k% vfèkd
er çkIr gks] fdlh ,d dks jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr djsxhA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd çfrfufèk&lHkk osQ lnL; O;fÙkQxr
:i ls ernku ugha djsaxs] cfYd ¶jkT; }kjk ernku¸ (Voting by States) gksxk_ vFkkZr~ lHkh çfrfufèk jkT;ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij viuh&viuh e.My cuk;saxs vkSj çR;sd e.My dks ,d&,d er nsus dk vfèkdkj gksxkA bl çdkj
(1) jkT; osQ çfrfufèk vyx&vyx çR;kf'k;ksa dks er ugha ns ldrs] (2) çR;sd e.My ,d gh O;fÙkQ osQ i{k
esa ernku djsxk rFkk (3) çR;sd jkT; dks ,d gh er çkIr gksxkA nwljh fLFkfr rc iSnk gksrh gS] tc nks O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks fuokZpdksa dk cgqer çkIr gks] ysfdu nksuksa çkIr erksa dh la[;k leku gksA bl n'kk esa Hkh çfrfufèk&lHkk gh
¶jkT; }kjk ernku¸ (Voting by States) dh i¼fr ls fdlh ,d dks jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr djsxhA
blh çdkj ;fn fdlh Hkh mEehnokj dks mi&jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, Li"V cgqer çkIr ugha gks ikrk rks lokZfèkd
er&çkIr djus okys nks mEehnokjksa esa ls flusV fdlh ,d mEehnokj dks pqu ysrh gSA bl gsrq dksje dqy flusVjksa
dk nks&frgkbZ cgqer pkfg,A bl pquko esa çR;sd flusVj dk ,d er gksrk gS vkSj ftl mEehnokj dks fujis{k
cgqr gks tk;] og mijk"Vªifr pquk tkrk gSA
ckjgok¡ la'kksèkuμ ewy lafoèkku }kjk O;ofLFkr jk"Vªifr dh fuokZpu&i¼fr nks"kiw.kZ FkhA ckjgosa la'kksèku (1804bZñ)
}kjk blesa nks lqèkkj yk;s x;sA igyk] ;fn fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ dks fuokZpdksa dk cgqer çkIr u gks rks çfrfufèk&lHkk
mu rhuksa O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls ftUgsa Øe'k% cgqer çkIr gqvk gks] fdlh ,d dks jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr djsxhA ewy lafoèkku
esa rhu O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ LFkku ik¡p O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls pquus dk foèkku FkkA nwljk] fuokZpd nks O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ i{k esa ernku

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