Page 163 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV djrs le; vius eri=k ij ,d O;fÙkQ osQ uke osQ vkxs ^jk"Vªifr* vkSj nwljs O;fÙkQ osQ uke osQ vkxs ^mijk"Vªifr*
fy[k nsaA ewy lafoèkku esa fliQZ nks çR;kf'k;ksa dks er nsus dh O;oLFkk Fkh] jk"Vªifr vkSj mijk"Vªifr osQ fy,
vyx&vyx er nsus dk foèkku ugha Fkk] iQyLo:i 1900 bZñ osQ fuokZpu esa tsiQlZu vkSj cjZ dks cjkcj er çkIr
gq,A vr% ;g fuf'pr djuk dfBu gks x;k fd dkSu jk"Vªifr gksxk vkSj dkSu mijk"Vªifr\ çfrfufèk&lHkk dks bldk
fu.kZ; djuk iM+kA ysfdu la?k"kZ bruk rhoz Fkk fd 36 ckj ernku osQ mijkUr gh fu.kZ; gks ldkA blh fLFkfr ls
cpus osQ fy, ^jk"Vªifr& vkSj ^mijk"Vªifr* dk mYys[k vko';d dj fn;k x;k gSA
'kiFk&xzg.kμ 1933 osQ iwoZ rd fuokZpu gksus osQ yxHkx 4 ekl i'pkr~ 4 ekpZ dks uohu jk"Vªifr }kjk in&xzg.k
fd;k tkrk FkkA chlosa la'kksèku (1933) }kjk blesa ifjorZu yk;k x;kA blosQ vuqlkj uo&fuokZfpr jk"Vªifr vc
4 ekpZ dks ugha cfYd 20 tuojh dks viuk in&xzg.k djrk gSA bl la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;g Hkh r; fd;k x;k fd
;fn u;s jk"Vªifr dh vius in ij vklhu gksus osQ iwoZ e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks mijk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr cu tk;xkA
in&xzg.k osQ le; loksZPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k jk"Vªifr dks 'kiFk&xzg.k fnykrk gSA 'kiFk bl çdkj gSμ
¶eS xaHkhjrkiwoZ 'kiFk ysrk gw¡ fd vesfjdk osQ jk"Vªifr in ij fu"BkiwoZd dk;Z d:¡xk vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk ij
vesfjdk osQ lafoèkku dk laj{k.k] lqj{kk vkSj çfrj{k.k d:¡xkA
([k) O;ogkj esa turk }kjk çR;{k fuokZpu (In practice direct election by the people): vejhdh lafoèkku
osQ fuekZrk jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu osQ fy, ,slh i¼fr dh [kkst esa Fks tks ^gqYyM+ vkSj vO;oLFkk* (Tumult and
dissorder) ls nwj gSA iQyr% mUgksusa fuokZpdx.k (Electoral College) dh i¼fr dks viukdj ijks{k fuokZpu
(Indirect election) dh O;oLFkk dhA çFke nks fuokZpu laoSèkkfud micUèk osQ okLrfod vFkZ osQ vuqdwy lEiÂ
gq,] ysfdu r`rh; fuokZpu (1976 bZñ) esa dqN vkSj prqFkZ fuokZpu (1800 bZñ) osQ le; rks fLFkfr esa Li"V ifjorZu
gks x;kA nyxr vkèkkj ij fuokZpdksa us tsiQlZu vkSj cjZ (Jefferson and Burr) ;k ,MEl vkSj fiaduh (Pinckney)
dks er fn;kA ml le; rd nks jktuhfrd nyksaμiQsMjfyLV vkSj fjifCydu dk vH;qn; gks pqdk FkkA bu nyksa
us pquko osQ igys vius gh çR;kf'k;ksa dks pqu fy;k Fkk rFkk os mUgsa er nsus okys fuokZpdksa dk leFkZu dj jgs
FksA bl çdkj cgqr igys gh jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dks nyxr jktuhfr ls nwj j[kus dk lafoèkku&fuekZrkvksa dk mís';
èkjk'kk;h gks x;kA ijks{k fuokZpu dh çfØ;k jktuhfrd nyksa osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k fNUu&fHkUu gks x;hA lafoèkku
esa vk;ksftr O;oLFkk ls fofHkUu :i blus ys fy;kA ,d vksj ;g nycUnh osQ tky esa iQ¡l x;k rFkk ^gqYyM+ckth
çd`fr* (tumultuous Characteristic) dks viuk;k] nwljh vksj jk"Vªifr fuokZpd] e.My ^ux.;* (Row
Ciphers) ;k ¶;U=kor~¸ (Recording Machine) cu x;kA bu nksuksa ifj.kkeksa dk dkj.k ;g gS fd jk"Vªirh;
fuokZpdksa dk pquko turk ;g è;ku j[krs gq, djrh gS fd veqd fuokZpd fdl çR;k'kh dks er nsrkA vr% lp
iwNk tk; rks turk çR;{kr% fuokZpdksa osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr in osQ mEehnokjksa dks gh er nsrh gSA vkWx vkSj js
osQ 'kCnk esa] ¶fyf[kr ekSfyd fofèk dks fcuk gq, dk;Z :i esa lafoèkku esa fdl çdkj ifjorZu gks tkrk gS] bldk
mnkgj.k blls mÙke dgh ugha fey ldrkA¸
ç'u mBrk gS] vkt jk"Vªirh; fuokZpu dk okLrfod :i D;k gS\ bldh tkudjh fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa osQ vUrxZr
dh tk ldrh gSμ
(i) mEehnokjksa dk euksu;u (Nomination of the Candidates)μ u;s jk"Vªifr osQ in&xzg.k djrs gh vxys
pkj o"kks± osQ ckn gksus okys jk"Vªifr osQ pquko dh ppkZ gksus yxrh gSA tSls&tSls le; utnhd vkrk tkrk gS]
mEehnokj lkeus vkus yxrs gSaA ysfdu jk"Vªifr pquko dk okLrfod gaxkek fofoèk nyksa }kjk mEehnokjksa osQ p;u
osQ lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSA 1840 osQ iwoZ jk"Vªifr in osQ mEehnokjksa dk euksu;u ny&fo'ks"k osQ flusVj vkSj çfrfufèk
lHkk osQ lnL; viuh vukSipkfjd cSBd (Caucus) esa djrs Fks] ijUrq bl i¼fr esa ny osQ lkekU; lnL;ksa dh
jk; dk dksbZ egÙo ugha jgrk Fkk vkSj mu jkT;ksa dh bPNk,¡ Hkh ugha tkuh tk ldrh Fkha] tgk¡ ny vYier esa
gksrk FkkA 1840 esa ^dkWdl* }kjk yksdfç; mEehnokj ,UMª;w tSDlu dh mEehnokjh dks vLohdkj djus osQ dkj.k
nyksa }kjk jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ mEehnokjksa osQ euksu;u dh fofèk esa ifjorZu yk;k x;kA

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