Page 320 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
• e/AdoheoD dk ;[Gkfte Bshik j?^nB[Pk;B. fpqN/B ft~u okiBhfse db nwoheh dbK d/ w[ekpb/ BØN
pj[s fInkdk nB[Pkf;s jB. nwohek ft~u eKro; d/ nzdo iK T[;d/ pkjo nB[Pk;B dh J/Bh ewh
j?, fe fogpfbe iK vw'eq/fNe db d/ nB[:kJh nkgD/ B/sktK dh nkfrnk dk gkbD BjhA eod/, ns/
wBwkD/ o{g ft~u fe;/ ftX/ne T[Zs/ wsdkB eod/ jB. fJzrb?Av dh ;z;d ft~u w?ApoK B/ fe;
;w/A p'bDk j?, eh p'bDk j?, ns/ fe; ftX/Je d/ g~y iK fto'X ft~u ws d/Dk j?, fJj ;G db
;u/se fBPfus eod/ jB.
• db dk e/Adoh ;zrmB g{o/ okPNo ft~u ;zrfms db Bz{ fB:zsfos eodk j?. db dhnK ;EkfBe

fJekJhnK Bz{ ;zrmB d/ e/Adoh fBod/PB d/ nzdo ezw eoBk g?Adk j?. db dk e'Jh w?Apo okPNoh
B/sktK s'A pkjo BjhA ik ;edk.
• uhBh ;kwtkdh db dk ;zrmB ;'ftns ;kwtkdh db Bkb fwbdk^i[bdk j?. fJ;dk ;zrmB fgokfwv

(Pyramid) d/ nkeko dk j?. fJ~e nzr d/ T[Zs/ d{ik nzr j[zdk j?. Bhu/ s'A b? e/ T[Zgo s~e ;ko/ nzr
bVhp~X (Hierarchical) ns/ ftt;fEs jB. fJ; fgokfwv dk nkXko ;EkfBe db ;zrmB iK ;?b
(cell) j?.ns/ fPyo s/ db dh e/Adoh ;fwsh dk g'fbs fpT{o' (Polit Bureau) j?. fJBK ftfGzB
;soh ;zrmBK d/ ;zpzX dk nkXko gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd (Democratic Cetralism) j?.
• ;G s'A fBwB ;so ;EkfBe db ;zrmB iK ;?b (Cell) j[zd/ jB. UBK d/ T[Zgo g/Av{ ns/ Pfjoh
eKro; j[zdh j?. fJj fco eKT{Nh iK fwT{fBf;gb eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ u[B"sh j?. eKT{Nh iK
fwT{fBf;gb eKro; d/ T[Zgo gqkd/fPe eKro;K ns/ UBK d/ T[Zgo e/Adoh okPNoh eKro; j[zdh
j?.dbh ;zrmB dh fJ~e gqw[~y ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fBwB ;so dk ;zrmB nkgD/ s'A T[Zgoh ;zrmB
dk u[Bkt eodk j/.
• g'fbsfpT{o' (Polit Bureau)L)L )L)L )L e/Adoh ;fwsh d[nkok fBotkfus fJ~e S'Nk ekoiekoh fBekn j?.
g'fbsfpT{o' (
g'fbsfpT{o' (
g'fbsfpT{o' (
g'fbsfpT{o' (
T[;dh w?Apo ;zfynk 50 j?. fJj db dk gqw[~y okiBhfse nzr j?. fJj ;zg{oD db d/ ;zrmB Bz{
;zukfbs eodk j?. fJj db dh e/Adoh ;fwsh d/ nfXt/PB Bz{ nkwzsfos eodk j/.
• g'fbsfpT{o' s'A th nfXe gqGktekoh ns/ feqnkPhb fBekn T[;dh ;EkJh ;fwsh (Standing Commitee)
j?. fJj ;zg{oD db dk fdwkr j?. fJ; ft~u db d/ okPNoh ;so d/ T[Zue'fN d/ frD/ u[D/ B/sk ;EkB
gkUAd/ jB. fit/A ukT{ n?B bkJh, wkU^s;/^s[zr fbU PkU uh, ukT{ s/j, u/B :[B, fbB fgnkU fij/ u'Nh
d/ B/sk. fJBK ;fwshnK dh ;fEsh okPNoh Bhsh fBowkD ft~u ;ot^T[Zu j?.
• fJzrb?Av d/ dpkn ;w{j db d/ nzdo jh ;feqJ/ gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nB[dko db ns/ wid{o db d'tK
ftu'A jo fJe dk fe;/ Bk fe;/ r[N Bkb ;zpX ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Pqfwe ;zx ;kXkoD s"o
s/ wid{o db s'A ns/ fe;kB db ;kXkoD s"o s/ nB[dko db Bkb ;zpzX oyd/ jB. fpqN/N ftu dpkn
;w{j d/ ftef;s BjhA j'D dk fJe ekoB fJj th j? fe T[E/ fBih ftX/neK dh nkw s"o s// T[g/ePk
ehsh iKdh ns/ T[BQK d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk x~N j[zdh j?. ;' dpkn ;w{j dbK d/ nzdo jh nkgDk
gqGkt gqdofPs eod/ jB ns/ nfdqP o{g Bkb nkgD/ ezw eotk fbnk eod/ jB.
• fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j? – fjs (Interest Groups) ns/ t?ukfoe
;w{j (Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?–T[sgkde ;w{j (Producer
Groups) ns/ T[gG'rsk ;w{j (Consumer Groups).
• 1965 ftu fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx (Confederation of British INdustries) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh i'
T[fd:'rK Bkb ;zpzfXs t~v/–t~v/ okPNoh ;zxK B{z fwbk e/ pfDnk j?. fpqfNP T[d:'r ;zx (Confederation
of British Industries), fpqfNP fB:'ie gfo;zx (British Employer Confederation) ns/
fpqfNP okPNoh ;zx (National Association of British Manufacturers) w[Zy dpkn ;w{j jB
i' fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx dk fBowkD eod/ jB. gfo;zx fJe pj[s tZvk ;zrmB j?, i' nkgDk w?ApoK
B{z ftnt;kJh, f;fynk, fBo:ks nkfd s'A ;zpfXs ;bkj fdzdk j?.

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