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fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD
fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD
fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD
fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD
fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD
;t–w[bKeD BØN
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD (Self-Assessment)
ykbh ;EkB Go'
ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)
ykbh ;EkB Go'
ykbh ;EkB Go'
ykbh ;EkB Go'
1H ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u oki dh ;fEsh Bz{ ;[fdqV eoD bJh fJBK d/PK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk ;jkok
fbnk ikdk j?.
2H shih d[BhnK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nkXko s/ b'eK d/ wBK ft~u e[M ftfPPN XkoDktK xo eo
u[ehnK j[zdhnK jB i' nkX[fBe ;z;EktK d/ ezw ft~u o[ektN gkUAdhnK jB.
3H ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u eJh tko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nkofEe ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe th f;~X j[zdh j?.
4H shih d[BhnK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ ;EkfBe Pk;B ftueko eVh dh G{fwek
fBGkUAd/ jB.
5H shih d[BhnK d/ e[M ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ iBrshPhbB d/ wkfXnw Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gqkgs eoD dh
e'fPP ehsh.

14H3 ;ko nzP
14H3 ;ko nzP
14H3 ;ko nzP
14H3 ;ko nzP
14H3 ;ko nzP (Summary)
• ;{uBk ns/ ;zuko gqd:'freh ft~u fJzNoB?N ns/ tobv tkJhv t?p tor/ ni'e/ ftek; G{^wzvbh eoD d/
wj~stg{oB g~y ns/ fBoDkfJe s~s jB. fJ;d/ ekoB T[sgkdB, ;zqrjD ns/ nKefVnk dk ftPb/PD nk;kB
j' frnk j? ns/ fJ;B{z g{oh d[BhnK ft~u s/ih Bkb c?bkfJnk ik ;edk j?.
• ;[szsosk s'A pknd fJjBK d/PK ft~u i' nkX[fBeheoB (Modernnization) dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh
T[;B/ gozgok rs ihtB P?bh dh irQk d/ T[d:'rheoB (Industriaization), PfjoheoB (Urban-
ization), w[dok ndkB gqdkB (Monitary Exchange), T[gukfoe f;~fynk (Formal Educa-
tion) ns/ iB ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) d/ ftPkb T[g:'r d/ ft~u tkXk ehsk. id'A b'eK
dhnK b'VK ns/ fj~sK ft~u n;wkBsk gfjbK j[zdh j? sK ;wki d/ t~y t~y ;zrmB fit/A fe fe;kB
;zx, (Peasant Unions) wId{o ;zx (Trade Union), tDi wzvb (Chamber of commerece)
ns/ g/P/to ;z;EKtk (Professional Associations) T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[dhnK jB.

• edh^edh fj~s ;w{j fJzB/ Pesh;kbh j' iKd/ jB fe ;oeko th T[jBK B{z BokI eoB dk ysok w'b BjhA
b? ;edh, BjhA sK ;oeko nkg nf;Eo j' iKdh j?. JhokB d/ Pkj dk gbkfJB (1979), d~yDh e'ohnk
ft~u okPNogsh gkoe dk esb (1979) ns/ fw;o s/ okPNogsh ;kdks dk esb (1991) nfijhnK
;fEshnK d/ T[dkjoD g/P eod/ jB.
• 1980 ns/ 1990 d/ djkfenK s'A gfjbK shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u dbh gqDkbhnK (Party systems)
nkw s"o s/ pj[s ewI'o ojhnK jB. i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK ;kT[dh nop, eso, ikovB, pjohB, e[t?s
ns/ G{NkB tor/ okiszsoh d/PK ft~u e'Jh dbh gqDkbh ojh jh BjhA ns/ T[E'A dh okiBhsh d/ Pk;e
gfotkoK (Ruling families) dk gqGkt fojk j?. fi~E/ fi~E/ ;?fBe Pk;B (Military Rule) ;Ekfgs j[azdk
j?, T[~E/ gqufbs okiBhse dbK T[~s/ ekB{zBh gkpzdh brk fd~sh iKdh j? fi; soQK fe gkfe;skB ft~u
eJhA tko j'fJnk. go fi~E/ n;?fBe Pk;B (Civilian Rules) dh wzr i'o cVB b~rdh j?, c/o
okiBhse db fco s'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB.
• nB/e ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;[zssosk s'A gfjbK okPNotkdh nzd'bBK B/ nfij/ gqGktPkbh dbK B{z iBw
fd~sk i' fe ;[szsosk s'A pkd th ekfJw oj/ go d/o^;t/o nfij/ db ewI'o g? rJ/, feT[Afe T[j b'eK
dhnK BthnK^BthnK nkPktK T[whdK dh g{osh BjhA eo ;e/. xkBk ft~u etkw/ Beo[wk d/ gsB d/ Bkb
T[;dh “eBt?AB;B ghgb gkoNh” th nb'g j' rJh.
• b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXB ;wkuko g~so, g~sfoektK, o/fvT[, N?bhftiB nkfd nkX[fBeheoB d/ wj~stg{oB ;kXB
jB. sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u fJj ;kXB th pj[s/ ftef;s BjhA jB. ;wkuko g~so nkw s"o
/
s/ ftP/P torK d fJ;s/wkb dh jh t;s{ j? ns/ fJjBK dh tzv finkdkso PfjoK s~e jh ;hwhs j?.

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