Page 333 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK gqshfBXh nfXekoh szso dk ftuko T[gukfoe fdqPNh Bkb fe;/ soK d/ nfXeko iK coi
dk f;oiD BjhA eodk go shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u fi~E/ dh ftPkb iB ;zfynk soK soK d/ ;w{jK ft~u
tzvh j? ns/ nfXekoh szso d/ w?Apo th GktBkswe sb s/ nkgD/ w{b ;w{j Bkb i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. fi~E/ ;z;kXBK
(Resources) ns/ w"fenK (Opportunities) dh ngko ewh j?. T[~E/ fJj ftuko nkw iBsk B{z e[M nkPk
fdzdk j?. nfXekoh szso d/ pko/ fJj ftuko fJ;d/ gqf;~X f;XKseko w?e; t/po (1864^1920) dh ebgBK
Bkb w/b Bjh yKdk.
fJ;s'A fJbktk shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK dh ftPakb iB;zfynK ns/ ftnkge rohph d/ ekoB T[~E/ ;oekoh y/
so ft~u o'irko d/ w"e/ tXkT[D dh wzr brksko T[mkJh iKdh j? T[;B{z g{ok eoB bJh j/mb/ g~XoK s/ b'V
s'A t~X eowukoh o~y bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dh :'rsk s/ th ftP/; fXnkB BjhA fd~sk iKdk. fJ; ezw
B{z tXkT[D bzpk fy~uD dh ;'u B{z finkdk pb fwbdk j? ns/ gqPk;B ft~u bkb chsk Pkjh (Red Tapism)
dk p'bpkbk j' iKdk j?. shih d[Bhnk d/ gqPk;fBe fttjko dhnK ftP/;sKtk ns/ nfXekoh szso d/ ekB{zBh
soe ;zrs gqsho{g (Legal rational modal) s'A pj[s d{o ubhnK iKdhnK jB. fiBK dh ebgBk w?e;
t/po (1864^1920) B/ g/P ehsh ;h.
fco ftek;Phb d/PK d/ gqP;kfBe nfXekoh brksko fB:wK ns/ gqfefonKtk (Rules and procedures)
dk gq:'r nkgDhnK fizw/dkohnK s'A puD bJh eod/ jB , b'e gqPk;D d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh BjhA. fJj
;'u ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK io{osK d/ T[bN f;~X j[zdh j?. fJBK ;G ewhnK B{z d{o eoB bJh
fJBK d/PK ft~u ftXkB wzvb (Legisnature) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;[u/s ftfP;N
torK B{z tX/o/ feqnkswe G{fwek fBGkDh j't/rh ns/ g~soekoK (Press) ns/ ;wkfie nzd'bBK (Social
Movements) d/ ekoi eosKtK B{z fBozso ;[u/s ofjDk gt/rk.
u'D gqfefonk
u'D gqfefonk (Election Process)LL LL L shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u b'e szso B{z pj[s ;okjhnk iKdk j?. go
u'D gqfefonk
u'D gqfefonk
u'D gqfefonk
T[E/ T[dko b'eszso (Liberal Democracy) dhnK ;z;EKtk ft;fsqs o{g ft~u ftef;s BjhA j' gkJhnK jB.
e/tb Gkos ft~u ;[zssosk s'A pknd brksko fB:fws o{g ft~u u'Dk j[zdhnK ojhnK jB. d{i/ d/PK ft~u fJj
;z;Ektk E'V/^E'V/ ;w/A s~e jh gqu~fbs ofj gkJhnK jB. T[dkjoD t~i' gkfe;skB ft~u 1984 dhnK u'Dk
ioBb finkT{b j~e d/ nXhB szso dh g[;Nh bJh eokJ/ rJ/ ns/ 2002 ft~u okPNogsh gd d/ ioBb
got/i w[Poc dh wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoB bJh u"DK eotkJhnK rJhnK. fwnkwko (Burma) ft~u sK ;?fBe
Pk;B B/ u"Dk B{z wike pDk fd~sk. T[~E/ bzp/ ;?fBe Pk;B s'A pknd ;zB 1990 ft~u nkw u'Dk eotkJhnK
rJhnK ns/ “B?PBb bhr cko v?w'eo/;h” B{z Gkoh pj[ws Bkb fi~s fwbh. go ;?fBe Pk;B B/ T[;B{z ;~sk
;"gD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk.

w?ef;e' ft~u nkw s"o s/ fJ~e' db d/ Pk;B B{z ekfJw o~yD bJh u'Dk eotkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fJ; ft~u
foPts (Bribery) ns/ pb gq:'r (Coercion) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. ehBhnk ft~u fJ~e dbh Pk;B
B{z wip{s eoB bJh u"DK d/ ;w/A fJ~e' jh db d/ T[whdtkoK ft~u w[ekpb/ (Competition) B{z wzi{oh fd~sh
rJh j?. f;oc 1980 s/ 1990 d/ djkfenK ft~u b/fNB nwohek ns/ ncohek d/ e[M fj~f;nK ft~u n;b
ft~u w[ekpb/ tkbhnK u'DK eotkJhnK rJhnK jB.
fco fi~E/ fi~E/ w[ekpb/ tkbhnK u'DK eotkJhnK rJhnK T[~E/ th w[ekpb/ dk T[d/P e/tb e[M yk; ftneshnK,
ikshtkdh ;w{jK (Ethnic Groups) ns/ fcofenK (Communities) B{z bkG gj[zukDk fojk j?, fe;/
ftukoXkok (Ideology) B{z tXktk d/Dk BjhA.
e[M d/PK ft~u g?;/ d/ e/ Y/o ;ko/ t'N pN'o bJ/ rJ/ jB fit/A fe 1985 ft~u fcbhghB; ft~u okPNogsh wkoe';
d/ Pk;B ekb ft~u j'fJnk. 1986 ft~u T[jBK B{z fGq;Nkuko d/ d'PK nXhB nkgD/ nj[d/ s'A jNk fd~sk frnk.
fJjBK ;G ewhnK d/ pkti{d shih d[Bhnk ft~u u"DK e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ftueko ;zgoe
dh eVh dh G{fwek fBGkdhnK jB ns/ iB ;XkoB ft~u okiBhse ;irsk (politicial awareness) B{z
T[s;kfjs eodhnK jB. fJ; soK fJj u'DK ftP/; tor d/ Pk;e B{z g~Swh irs ns/ nzso okPNoh J/
iz;hnK (International Agencies) dh BIo ft~u ikfJI mfjokT[D dk ezw eod/ jB, i' fe ftek;Phb
d/PK d/ ftek; ft~u nkofEe ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodhnK jB.

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