Page 329 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN sh;oh d[Bhnk ft~u GkJhuko/ (Kinship) d/ nXko s/ b'eK d/ wB ft~u i' GktBktK xo eo u[~ehnK jB,
T[j edh^edh ni'ehnK ;z;EktK Bz{ mhe Yzr Bkb ezw BjhA eo fdzdhnK. fJ~E/ okiBhse gqPk;fBe nfXekoh
fB:wK d/ fBog~y gq:'r ft~u T[~fus ssgosk BjhA fdykT[aAd/ pbfe nkgDh skes dk T[g:'r eod/ ;wA/
nkgD/ foPs/dkoK nkgD/ fgzv ns/ ephb/ d/ b'eK, fw~soK ;woEeK B{z ckfJdk gj[zukT[D bJh fsnko ofjzd/
jB. e[M b'e GkJh^Gshiktkd (Nepotism) ns/ fGqPNkuko (Corruption) B{z ;wkfie eos~t d/ fBotkjB
dh ;zfrnk fdzd/ jB.
eJh tko gozgokrs GktBKtk nkofEe ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe th f;~X j[zdhnK jB. T[dkjoD t~i'A gqkuhB
ftukoe eBfcT[P; B/ fJj f;~fynk fd~sh ;h fe t~fvnk B{z nkgDh fizw/dkoh ;zGkbDh ukjhdh j? ns/ S'fNnK
B{z f;oc nkfrnk dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJBK f;~fynktK dh gq/oBK Bkb uhB, skfJtkB, f;zrkg[o ns/
d~yDh ncohek ft~u nkofEe ftek; Bkb i[VhnK rshftXhnK ft~u s/Ih nk rJh. eJhA tko ftneshtkdh
ftukoXkok dh s[bBk ft~u gozgoktkdh ftukoXkok okiBhse rshPhbB (Political Mobilization) ns/
nkofEe ;fj:'r (Economic Coopration) bJh tX/o/ T[g:'rh f;~X j[zdk j?. ftek;Phb d/P fJ; y/so
ft~u nkgDh okiBhshe ;;zfeqsh Bkb :Ek:'r bkG u[~e ;ed/ jB.
fj~s ;w{j
fj~s ;w{j (Interest Groups)L LL L ftekP;hb d/P w[~y s"o s/ gozgokrs ;wki oj/ jB. fi~E/ fj~s
fj~s ;w{j
fj~s ;w{j L
fj~s ;w{j
;g~PNheoB (Interest Articulation) ns/ fj~s ;w{jB (Interest Aggregation) d/ ftek; dh r[ikfJzP
pj[s x~N ;h. b'e nkgDh nkgDh iksh, iBiksh, Xow, GkPk, ;z;feqsh nkfd d/ gqsh fJzBh finkdk PoXk
o~yd/ ;B fe fJ~E/ fB~ih fj~sk d/ nXko s/ Bt/A ;w{jK d/ fBowkD dhnK ;zGktBktK Bk d/ pokpo ;B.
nfij/ ;w{j i' nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ fe;/ ;wkB fj~s (Common Interest) Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ ;zrfms ehs/
iKd/ jB ns/ T[; fj~s dh gqkgsh bJh T[j brksko ns/ ;w/A ;wA/ s/ nkw iBsk dh Bhsh B{z gqGkfts eoB
dk :sB eod/ jB. nkX[fBe ;wki ft~u ekfwnK (Workers) tgkohnK (Traders), T[gG'rsk (Consum-
ers) nkfd d/ pj[s ;ko/ fj~s ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
id'A t~y t~y ftnesh nkgD/ ;KM/ fj~s B{z gfjukB e/ fj~s ;w{j d/ o{g ft~u fJ~em/ j[zd/ jB sK fJ; gqfefonk
B{z fj~s ;zrmB (Interest Aggregation) fejk iKdk j?. id'A e'Jh fj~s ;w{j nkgD/ w?ApoK dhnK GktBktK
B{z fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ T[jBK B{z fBPfus wzrK (Demands) d/ o{g ft~u g/P eodk j? sK T[; gqfefonk B{z
fj~s ;g~PNheoB (Interest Articulation) fejk iKdk j?.
;[szsosk s'A pknd fJjBK d/PK ft~u i' nkX[fBeheoB (Modernnization) dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh T[;B/
gozgok rs ihtB P?bh dh irQk d/ T[d:'rheoB (Industriaization), PfjoheoB (Urbanization),
w[dok ndkB gqdkB (Monitary Exchange), T[gukfoe f;~fynk (Formal Education) ns/ iB
;zgoe d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) d/ ftPkb T[g:'r d/ ft~u tkXk ehsk. id'A b'eK dhnK b'VK ns/ fj~sK
ft~u n;wkBsk gfjbK j[zdh j? sK ;wki d/ t~y t~y ;zrmB fit/A fe fe;kB ;zx, (Peasant Unions)
wId{o ;zx (Trade Union), tDi wzvb (Chamber of commerece) ns/ g/P/to ;z;EKtk (Profes-
sional Associations) T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[dhnK jB. id'A go;go fto'Xh ;zrmBK ft~u Pesh;kbh
torK B{z fit/A fe fiwhdkoK ns/ tgkohnK B{z nkgD/ fj~sK s/ nKu nkT[dh fd;dh j? sK T[j fe;kBK ns/
ekfwnk d/ nzd'bBK (Movements) B{z ;wki fto'Xh rfsftfXnK (Anti Social Activities) dh
;zfrnk d/ e/ g[fb; dh wdd Bkb T[jBK B{z dpkT[D dh e'fP; eod/ jB. Gkos ft~u yk; s"o fpjko
oki ft~u nfijhnK xNBKtk d/ eJh T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB eJh ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ewI'o torK
(Weeker Sections) B{z nkgD/ fj~s ;w{j pDkT[D s'A nBT[s;kfjs ehsk iKdk j? fInkdkso b/fNB
nwoheh d/PK ft~u fJj gqpzX ehsk frnk j? fe T[gukfoe ;w{jK bJh ekB{zBh wkBsk (Legal
Recognition) gqkgs eoBk Io{oh j't/rk. e[M d/PK ft~u sK T[gukfoe ;w{jK B{z ;oeko d/ epI/ ft~u
th o~fynk iKdk j?. w?e;he' dk ;~sk db (Institutional Revolutionary party) nkgD/ nkg B{z
fe;kBK, wid{oK ns/ nkw iBsk dk ;zrmB wzBdk j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJjBK ;G y/soK d/ T[gukfoe
;w{jK T[~s/ nkgD/ gqGkt dk dktk eodk j?.
edh^edh fj~s ;w{j fJzB/ Pesh;kbh j' iKd/ jB fe ;oeko th T[jBK B{z BokI eoB dk ysok w'b BjhA
b? ;edh, BjhA sK ;oeko nkg nf;Eo j' iKdh j?. JhokB d/ Pkj dk gbkfJB (1979), d~yDh e'ohnk ft~u

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