Page 328 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

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w[~y XkoBKtk dh uouk eo ;ed/ jK fiBQK ft~u fJjBK dh okiBhse ;z;feqsh dh nkw ikDekoh fwb ;edh BØN
j?. sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/P nkw s"o s/ ftPkb neko d/ jB ns/ T[jBK ft~u t~y t~y ;z;feqshnK, GkPktK,
XowK, ikshnK nkfd Bkb i[V/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJjBK d/PK ft~u oki dh ;fEsh pj[s wIp{s BjhA j?. fJ;
bJh fJj ;wki pj[s rfjok gqGkt gkT[D dh ;fEsh ft~u BjhA. oki dh ;fEsh B{z wip{s eoB bJh fJjBK
d/PK ft~u okPNo fBowkD (Nation Building) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. okPNo fBowkD d/ d[nkok g{o/
okPNo d/ b'eK bJh fBPmk (Loyalty) dk fJ~e jh e/Ado ftef;s eoB dk :sB ehsk iKdk j? sK fe T[j
nkgDh fBPmk B{z nkgDh ;"V/ ;w{jK s~e jh ;hfws Bk o~yD pbfe g{o/ okPNo B{z nkgDh fBPmk dk e/Ado
pDk b?AD. fco okPNo fBowkD d/ d[nkok Pesh dk fJj' fijk e/Ado ftef;s eoB dk :sB ehsk iKdk
j? i' ;w[~u/ oki ft~u PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek ekfJw eo ;e/ ns/ oki dh ;[o~fynk ns/ efbnkDekoh ;/tKtK B{z
d/P d/ e'B/^e'B/ s~e gj[zuk ;e/. okPNo fto'Xh PeshnK, G{r'fbe d{ohnK, nktkikJh ns/ ;zuko d/ Bk ekch
;kXBK d/ ekoB sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u nkw s"o s/ fJj ezw pj[s w[Pfeb j[zdk j?.
fJjBK d/PK ft~u gqkEfwe f;~fynk (Primary Education) d/ gq'rokw fJ; Yzr Bkb pDkJ/ iKd/ jB fe b'e nkgD/
ikshtkdh ;w{jK (Ethnic Group) s'A n~r/ t~X e/ g{o/ okPNo d/ gqsh fBPmk bJh gq/fos j'D. b'e ;zgoe (Mass
Media) d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb b'eK B{z ;[szsosk ;zrokw dhnK tho rkEktK dh :kd fdtkJh
iKdh j?, sK fe T[jBK d/ fdb ft~u J/esk dh GktBk pDh oj/. go T[~so T[gfBt/;e okiK (Post Colonial State)
ft~u b'eK dhnK BthnK wzrk (Demands) ns/ T[whdK (Expectations) d/ ekoD Bt/A MrV/ (Conflicts) g?dk
j' rJ/ jB, T[jBK B{z PKs eoB bJh g[okDhnK :Kdk dk ;jkok ekch f;~X BjhA j[zdk.

T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK
T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK
T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK (Post Colonial State)LL LL L fJj' fijk oki i' T[gfBt/Ptkd (Colonialsim) d/
T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK
T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK
fPezi/ s'A BtK^BtK w[es j'fJnk j't/. nkw s"o s/ sh;oh d{BhnK (Third World) d/ d/PK iK ftekP;hb
d/PK (Developing Nations) B{z fJ; Pqa/Dh ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?.
eJh f;XKseko fJj wzBd/ jB fe T[~so T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u ftd/Ph fj~sK (Foreign Interests) dk n;o
ysw j' iKdk j? fJ; bJh T[;B{z nkw iBsk dhnK nkPtK ns/ T[whdk dh g{osh dk ;kXB pDkfJnk ik ;edk
j? go n;b si[op/ Bkb fJ; r~b dh g[;Nh Bjh j[zdh. fJj' fij/ oki dk ;?fBe ;zrmB (Military
Organization) ns/ nfXekoh szso (Bureau Cracy) T[gfBt/Ptkdh gozgok d/ ;Ku/ ft~u Yb/ j[zd/ jB i'
fe nkw iBsk B{z e[ubD d/ nkfd j[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ wB ft~u nkw iBsk d/ gqsh ;/tk ns/ jwdodh dh
GktBk oks' oks g?dk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. t?;/ fJj d'B' r[~N okiBhse nrtkJh (Political Leadership)
d/ ;/te d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/ go T[~so T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u nkw s"o s/ okiBhse nrtkJh dk ufo~so
th pj[sk T[~uk BjhA ofj iKdk. i' okiBhse ;[szsosk nzd'bB d/ d"okB w'Y/ Bkb w'Yk fwbk d/ ftd/Ph Pesh
d/ fto[~X bV/ ;B, j[D T[j ns/ T[jBK d/ T[~sok nfXekoh ;~sk dh d"V ft~u BtA/ g{zihgsh tor dh ;jkfJsk
T[~s/ fBoGo j' iKd/ jB. fJ~E' s~e fe e[M okiBhse ngokX b'e (Under World) dh ;jkfJsk b?AD s'A
th r[o/i BjhA eod/. BtK g{zihgsh tor nkgD/ nkg ft~u g{oB PeshPkbh BjhA j[zdk. go ;?fBe ns/
nfXekoh szso tkb/ r[~NK (Oligrachies) d/ Bkb rmi'V eoe/ T[j nkgDh skes tXk b?Adk j? nfijh jkbs
ft~u pj[s ;ko/ okiBhse B/sk b'eK B{z M{m/ fdbk;/ d/ e/ T[BK tk;s/ S'NhnK S'NhnK fonk;sK gqkgs eoe/
iK T[BK dhnK Xkofwe ikshtkdh (Ethnic) iK ;zgodkfJe GktBKt B{z T[s/fis eoe/ T[jBK d/ t'N jkf;b
eoB dh e'fP; eod/ jB fJ; s'A fJbktk ftd/Ph skesK th nfij/ dP ft~u nkgD/ Bt/A T[gfBt/Ptkd (Neo-
Colonialism) dk ikb c?bk e/ T[;dk P'PB eodhnK jB. e[~b fwbk e/ T[Zso T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u nkw
b'eK dh ;[zssosk bJh Bt/A yso/ ns/ ;w~f;nktK g?dk j' iKdhnK jB fJjBK B{z j~b ehs/ fpBK T[BK dh
;[zssosk B{z ;koEe BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJjBK d/PK ft~u iksh (Caste), iBiksh (Tribe) ns/ Xow
(Religion) nkfd d/ nXko s/ gozgokrs nrtkJh B{z wkBsk fd~sh iKdh j? ns/ T[;B{z d/yd/ j'J/ okPNoh
g~Xo ;EkBe nrtkJh Bkb ;wM'sk io{oh j' iKdk j? pj[ ;z;feqshe ;wki (Multicultural society) ft~u
fJ; soK dk ;wM"sk edh edh okPNoh ;so s/ ;oeko ubkT[D ft~u ;jkfJe f;~X j[zdk j? Gkos ft~u okPNoh
;so s/ i' fwbhnk i[bhnK ;oekoK (Coalition Governmnets) ubkJhnK rJhnK jB, T[j fJ; gqpzX dk
tXhnk Bw{Bk g/P eodhnK jB, bkfJihohnK ft~u th okPNoh B/sktK B/ ;EkBe nwhoK ns/ ;EkBe Xkofwe
Pk;eK d/ Bkb ;wM"sk eoe/ pj[s ;kohnK ;wf;nktK B{z d{o eo fbnk j?.

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