Page 330 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

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okPNogsh gkoe dk esb (1979) ns/ fw;o s/ okPNogsh ;kdks dk esb (1991) nfijhnK ;fEshnK BØN
d/ T[dkjoD g/P eod/ jB.

Nk;e fj~s ;w{jB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

okiBhse db
okiBhse db L
okiBhse db
okiBhse db
okiBhse db (Political parties)L L L L 1980 ns/ 1990 d/ djkfenK s'A gfjbK shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u
dbh gqDkbhnK (Party systems) nkw s"o s/ pj[s ewI'o ojhnK jB. i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK ;kT[dh nop,
eso, ikovB, pjohB, e[t?s ns/ G{NkB tor/ okiszsoh d/PK ft~u e'Jh dbh gqDkbh ojh jh BjhA ns/ T[E'A
dh okiBhsh d/ Pk;e gfotkoK (Ruling families) dk gqGkt fojk j?. fi~E/ fi~E/ ;?fBe Pk;B (Military
Rule) ;Ekfgs j[azdk j?, T[~E/ gqufbs okiBhse dbK T[~s/ ekB{zBh gkpzdh brk fd~sh iKdh j? fi; soQK fe
gkfe;skB ft~u eJhA tko j'fJnk. go fi~E/ n;?fBe Pk;B (Civilian Rules) dh wzr i'o cVB b~rdh j?,
c/o okiBhse db fco s'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB.
e[M d/PK ft~u fJ~e dbh gqDkbh B{z fJ; bJh gq's;kjB fd~sk iKdk j? sK fe T[j okPNoh B/sk tk;s/ Io{oh ;woEB
i[Nk ;e/ ns/ T[;d/ uj/fsnK ft~u nj[d/ ns/ fJBkw dh tzv dk ;kXB pD ;e/ bkfJp/ohnk ft~u okPNogsh d'Jh
B/ nkgDh ;fEsh wip{s eoB bJh ‘B?PBb v?w'eo/fNe gkoNh’ dk rmB ehsk, jKbkfe fJ; Bkb T[j nkgDk
T[d/P g{ok BjhA eo gkfJnk. pzrbk d/P ft~u iBoB fJoPkb B/ iksh: gkoNh (People's Party) dk rmB ehsk
sK fe fJ;dh wdd Bkb T[j ;?fBe Pk;e (Military Ruler) dk u'bk T[sko e/ n;?fBe Pk;e (Civilian Ruler)
dk u'bk gfjD ;e/. IkfJo ft~u okPNogsh w"p[s[ nkgDk fBofttkd oki ;Ekfgs eoB d/ wB;{p/ Bkb jo/e
Bkrfoe B{z nkgDh gkoNh ‘o/tb[PB gkg[b/PB w{tw?AN’ dk w?Apo pDk fbnk.
nB/e ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;[zssosk s'A gfjbK okPNotkdh nzd'bBK B/ nfij/ gqGktPkbh dbK B{z iBw fd~sk
i' fe ;[szsosk s'A pkd th ekfJw oj/ go d/o^;t/o nfij/ db ewI'o g? rJ/, feT[Afe T[j b'eK dhnK
BthnK^BthnK nkPktK T[whdK dh g{osh BjhA eo ;e/. xkBk ft~u etkw/ Beo[wk d/ gsB d/ Bkb T[;dh
“eBt?AB;B ghgb gkoNh” th nb'g j' rJh.
eJh d/PK ft~u okPNotkdh nzd'bB d/ d"okB i' gqGktPkbh db T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ ;B, T[j ;[zssosk s'A
pknd fJ; bJh ewi'o g? rJ/ feT[Afe g[okDhnK Py;hnsK d/ w[ekpb/ dhnK BthnK Py;hnsK BjhA b~G
;e/. Gkos ft~u e[M j~d s~e “fJzvhnB B?PBb eKro/;” dk fJjh jkb j'fJnk j?.
e[M d/PK ft~u fJj ;'funk iKdk j? fe d/P d/ nkX[fBeheoB bJh fJ~e jh db dh j"Ad ;G s'A bkj/tzd j't/
rh. sBIkBhnk d/ okPNogsh Bo/o/ B/ fJ;/ soK fJ~e' gkoNh dk ;woEB ehsk i' seBheh wkjoK d/ Gzvko
j't/rk go j[D T[E/ nB/e db j"Ad ft~u nk u[~e/ jB.
eJh d/PK ft~u fJ~e db gqXkB gqDkbh (One party dominant system) ft~u w/b j'D s'A pknd pj[ gkoNh
gqDkbh (Multi Party System) dh P[o{nks j'Jh j?, fi; soK fe Gkos ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJBK d/PK
dhnK ;oekoK nfij/ ;[ftXkiBe rmpzXB (Convenient coalition) f;~X j'fJnK jB, fiBK dk wB'oE ;~sk B{z
jkf;b eoBk ;h, fe;/ soK dh ftukoswe J/esk (Ideological Solidarity) dk gfou? d/Dk BjhA ;h.
21thA ;dh d/ nkozG ft~u nB/e b/fNB nwoheh d/PK ft~u okiBhse dbK dh j"AV ftP/; ;~sk Xkoh torK
(Ruling Elites) d/ ft~u T[dkotkdh ns/ nBT[dkotkdh r[~NK (Liberal & Conservate Factions) dh
nkg;h w[ekpb/ dk ;ze/s fdzdh ;h, nkw iBsk (Masses) B{z fJ; w[ekpb/ s'A pkjo o~fynk frnk ;h. t?Bi[J/
bk fJ~e wkso nfijk d/P j? fi~E/ 1950 d/ djke/ s'A pknd ;jh noEK ft~u dbK ft~u jh ftub/ w[ekpb/
dk tksktoB fojk feT[Afe T[~E/ dh Pk;B ns/ noE ftt;Ek s/b dh nkwdB d/ ;jko/ s/ fNeh ojh j?.
w?e;he' ft~u ;~sk o{V db (Institutional Revolutionary party) b'e w~s B{z nkgD/ t~; ft~u o~yD d/ bJh
;wkuko g~soK ns/ b'e ;zgoe d/ j'oBK ;kXBK s/ gkpzdh brkT[dK fojk j?. id'A fJ;dk ezw BjhA u~bdk sK
T[j f;~X/ s"o s/ jh t'NK ft~u rVpVh (Ballot Rigging) s/ T[sko{ j' iKdk j?.

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