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s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN iK j;sKsfos jz[dh j?. fJ; soQK fJj f;fynk j'fJnk okiBhfse ftntjko j? i' ftneshnK iK ;w{jK ftu
;kwkfie gfotosD iK ;z;feqse ;zxoP dh u[D"shnK iK Bth gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b pDB dh gqfeqnk ftu
T[sgzB iK fBofws j' ;edk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE eod/ j'J/ fbT[fPnB gkJh B/ nkgD/ fJe
fBpzXK ‘g'bhfNeb ebuo n?Av g'bhfNeb fvt/bw?AN’ i' fJ;d/ ns/ topk d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se fi;dk
Bkw th ‘g'bhfNeb ebuo n?Av g'bhfNeb fvt/bw?AN’ j?, ftu fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh
ntXkoDk d~;dh j? fe fe;/ ;wki dh gozgoKtK, T[;dh ;kotifBe ;z;EktK dh nkswk, T[;d/ BkrfoeK
dh nkeKPktK ns/ T[BQK dk ;kw{fje ftt/e ns/ T[;d/ B/sktK d/ sohe/ ns/ ekoiPhb j'D d/ ;kXB s/ fBnw
nkfd e/tb fJfsjk;e nB[Gt dh T{N–gNKr T[gi BjhA j?, pbfe fJj ;G fJe noEg{oB ftnt;Ek d/
nzr jB ns/ ;zg{oB ;zpzXK dk fJe p'Xkrfwn ns/ ;gPN gqfswkB T[g;fEs eod/ jB. ftnesh d/ bJh
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh gqGktPhb okiBhfse ftntjko dh fdPk ftu wkor–fBod/PD eodh j? ns/ ;wki d/
bJh fJj T[BQK w[~bK ns/ ftt/eg{oB ftukoK dh ftnt;fEs o{g–ouBK gqdkB eodh j? i' fe ;z;EKtK ns/
;zrmBK dh rshftXhnK ftu ;zrsh fpmkT[Ad/ jB.”
fbT{fPnB gkJh dk nfGws j? fe “fJe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ ;kw{fje
fJfsjk; dh th T[gi j? ns/ T[BQK ftneshnK d/ ihtB–fJfsjk;K dh th T[gi j? fiBQK B/ jkb jh ftu
fJ; ftnt;Ek Bz{ pDkfJnk j?. fJ; gqeko, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhnK iVK ;kotifBe xNBktK ns/
ftneshrs nB[GtK ftu ;wkB o{g Bkb fBfjs ofjzdh j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk Bkb okiBhsh
ftfrnkB ftu ftntjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ y/so ftu, ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftntjko dh wB'ftfrnkfBe
ftnkfynktK T[s/ nkXkos ftnPNh–ftPb/PD (macro-analysis) d/ ftu d/ yZv/ Bz{ Gfonk frnk j?. fJ;
gqeko, okihfse ;z;feqsh wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ;wki Pk;soh nfXn?B fdqPNhe'DK ftu skbw/b eoe/ fJBQK
dh seBheK ftu nkX[fBe gqrshnK Bz{ rshPhb okiBhfse ftPb/D d/ bJh gq:'r eoB dk wkfXnw gq;s[s
eodh j?.
T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe nkX[fBe ntXkoDk j?. fJj okPNoh okiBhfse
wB'ftfrnkB s/ b'eK d/ nkXkoG{s w[~bK Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB Bz{ fInkdk ftnt;fEs o{g ftu oyD dh e'fPP
eodh j?. fJ; Bkb ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk gqw[~y s"o s/ okiBhfse j?. B/sktK ns/
BkrfoeK d/ okiBshfse nfGw[yheoDK Bkb ;zpzXs j'D d/ ekoD, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ‘okiBhsh–P?bh’ ns/
‘gqukbB–;zfjsk’ (operational code) nkfd ntXkoDktK Bkb, i' fe ftfPPN tor d/ ftntjko T[s/
gqekP gkT[Adh j?, fInkdk T[g:[es ns/ fJBQK ntXkoDktK s'A fInkdk rfjok noE oydh j?. fJ;h soQK
fJj ‘iBws’ ns/ okPNoh ufo~so torh ntXkoDktK dh s[bBK ftu fInkdk ;hws ns/ fB:'fis s/
nB[Gkfte ftPb/PD :'r j?.
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkw noE d/ pknd fJ;dh gfoGkPK eoBk nk;kB j' iKdk j?. fJ~E/ n;hA e[M gqw[~y
ftdtkBK d[nkok fd~shnK rJhnK gfoGkPktK d/ oj/ jK fi; Bkb fJ;dk noE ns/ gqfeqosh j'o th ;gPN
j' ;e/. ‘okiBhsh ;z;feqsh’ Ppd dk, fi; noE ftu fJ; Bz{ n~ieb ;wfMnk iKdk j?, ;G s'A gfjbK
nkowzv B/ jh nkgD/ fJe fBpzX ‘ezgo/fNt g'bhfNeb f;;Nw;’ ftu 1956 ftu ehsk ;h fJ; bJh n;hA
nkwzv d[nkok fdZsh rJh gfoGkPk jh gfjbK d/ oj/ jK.
eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe ;[fBPfus ns/ nkB[Gkfte gohyD :'r s~EK Bkb ;zpX
ntXkoDk j?.
nkwzv ns/ gkt/b B/ fJ;dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?L ‘okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/
w?ApoK dh okiBhsh d/ gqsh ftneshe nfGftqshnK s/ nfGw[yheoDK d/ gqfswkB j?.’ fJBQK B/ fJ; gfoGkPk
Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftneshfBPm y/so j? i' okiBhfse feqnk d/ w{b
ftu j[zdk j? ns/ fJ;dh noE gqdkB eodk j?.
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