Page 85 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
4H2
;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh
4H2
;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh
;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh
4H2
BØN 4H2 ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh
4H2 ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh (Trends in contemporary
Political Culture)
nkwzv okiBhfse ftnt;EkttK dk gqko{gkswe fus~qD gq;s[s eod/ jB fi; Bz{ fJ; gqeko, ;zy/g ftu,
tofDs ehsk ik ;edk j?L
J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK–
J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK–
J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– T[ABs g~Swh d/PK fit/A fpqN/B ns/ nwohek ftu w"i{d fJj gfjbh fe;w
J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK–
J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK–
j? fi;d/ w[~y bePDK dk fJ; gqeko toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?L
(e) fJBQK ftnt;EktK dh ftP/Psk pj[w[~bXkoh okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK jB i' fJ; noE ftu ;ikshJ/ noE
ftu ;ikshJ/ ns/ ;ksstg{oB jB fe T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ pko/ ftu okiBhfse ;kfXnK ns/ ;kXBK d/
pko/ ftu nkw ;fjwsh gkJh iKdh j?L
(y) okiBhsh fJe y/v dh soQK j? fi; ftu eJh fyvkoh Gkr b?Ad/ jB, Gkt/A T[j fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh j[zd/ jB,
T[j nkgDh G{fwek ndk eod/ jB, gozs{ T[j nkgD/ nzsoK Bz{ fJzBk fInkdk BjhA tXk b?Ad/ fe fi; Bkb
y/v dk wkj"b bVkJh d/ w?dkB dk wkj"b pD ikJ/L
(r) okiBhsh pkiko dh soQK brdh j? fi; irkj T[s/ fBoD/–fBowksk t'N gqkgs eoB ns/ nkgD/ bJh b'eK
dk ;woEB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fBfBwnK d/ o{g ftu nkgDk wzst gq;s[s eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko, Pk;eK
s/ Pkf;sK, fBotkueK ns/ fBotkfus ns/ B/sktK s/ T[BQK d/ nB[:kJhnK d/ ftu ;"d/pkih dh gqfeqnk
nkozG j' iKdk j?L
(x) ;wki dh pj[btkdh ;tfgn j[zdk j? fi; ftu eJh ewo/ ns/ fjspZX ;w{b fJ;bJh ezw eod/ jB fe
nkgD/–nkgD/ fjsK dh nB[feqnk ftu fBoD/–fBowkD gqfeqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;eDl
(C) fJ~E/ ;~sk ns/ gqGkt dk ftoD j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh T[E/ fBnzsoD ns/ ;zs[bB dk g{oB ns/ ;[uko{ Yzr Bkb
ezw eoB tkbh ftnt;Ek gkJh iKdh j?. ftXh ;z;EktK T[s/ iB–;zuko ns/ ;kotifBe f;fynk d/
wkfXnwK Bkb fBnzsoD ofynk iKdk j? fi; Bkb ;~sktkdh Pk;B dh ;zGktBktK x~N iK ysw eo
fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. ns/
(u) nzs ftu, fJ~E/ ftfGzB G{fwektK dk ;EkJhst j[zdk j?. nbr–nbr ;z;EktK nkgD/–nkgD/ nbr ezw
eodhnK jB T[j j'o ;z;Ek d/ ezw th eo ;edhnK jB fi;s/ Bshi/ ti'A gqPk;e fJe ;fEsh ftu
ftXkfJe ns/ d{ih ftu fBnK–fBoDkfJe pD iKd/ jBl ns/ B"eoPkj fJe fbjki Bkb ftXkfJe ns/ d{i/
fbjki Bkb fBnK–fBoDkfJe j' iKd/ jB, ns/ fJ;/ soQK fJBQK dh G{fwektK ftu gfotosD j[zdk ofjzdk
j?.

wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL f
wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL f
wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL f
wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fJj d{ih fe;w j? i' caqK;, fJNbh, ;thvB, Bkot/ nkfd
wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL f
:[o'g d/ x~N ftef;s g~Swh b'esKsfoe d/PK ftu ezw eod/ jB. fJ;d/ w[~y bePDK dk T[b/y fJ; gqeko
ehsk ik ;edk j?L
(e) fi~E/ ;wki d/ ftfGzB tor ;K;feqse ftek; d/ ftfGzB gqshwkBK dh ;EkgBk eod/ jB, T[ZE/ okiBhfse
;z;feqsh yzfvs j' iKdh j?, feT[Afe eJh tor j'o torK dh ng/ePk fInkdk ftef;s j[zd/ jB. fJ;/
ekoB okiBhsh ;z;feqsh d/ Bkb eJh okiBhfse T[g;z;feqshnK dk fJe f;bf;bk pD iKdk j? i' :k s/
ftfrnkBe ns/ gq'fd:'re Bt'Bw/PK Bkb gqGkfts j[zdk j? i' j[D se fJe nkfPqs d/P d/ b'e ;B. nfijh
;z;feqsh dk fInkdkso nshs ;kwzstkdh :[r Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ T[j T[g:[es tor d/ d/PK d/ T[Zuso w[ZbK
dk nB[;oD eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?l
(y) jo/e okiBhfse T[g;z;feqsh G{fwektK dh nbr T[gftnt;Ek dk ftek; eo b?Adh j? fi;d/ gfoDkw;o{g
ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK ;zg{oB ftnt;Ek dk e/Ado fpzd{ pD iKdh j?. ;' ftXh–;z;EkBrs YKu/ dk nfXn?B
eoB d/ pknd fJj th io{oh j? fe fJ;dh nt;zouBk T[s/ fJe BIo gkJh ikt/l ns/
(r) okiBhfse ;"d/pkIh dh gqfeqnk tk;st ftu ft~dwkB BjhA j[zdh. fJ; Bkb nfijh ;fEsh g?dk j' iKdh j?
fi; ftu okiBhsh fJe fybtkV pD iKdh j?. fJ;dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe eJh T[g;z;feqshnK nkg;
ftu :[~Xos j' iKdhnK jB ns/ fJe d{i/ dh ng/ePk nkgD/ Bz{ tfoPm ;wMdhnK jB s/ fJ; gqeoD
nkgD/ wkBeK Bz{ j'o T[g ;z;feqshnK d/ wkBeK T[s/ nko'fgs eoB dh e'fPP eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko,
;"d/pkih dh pikJ/ fJ~E/ Pesh d/ bJh ftfGzB gqfs:'rh r[NK ftu :[~X j'D brdk j?.

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