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fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX iB;kXkoD Bkb j? ns/ nkX[fBe ;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX nfGiBh Pk;eK Bkb j?. fJBQK BØN
d/PK ftu fJBQK d'tK ftu ;zxoP, fdPk fto'X, ns/ n;zrsh d/ ekoD fJj okiBhfse ftnt;EktK Bz{
s'VD dh Pesh pD rJh j?.

B'N; ;z;feqshnK Bz{ gozgokrssk ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ o{g ftu th d/fynk iKdk j?. fpqfNP
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk dk fwPqD j?.

;z;feqshnK ftu pkeh d/ nzso ftP/P BjhA wzB/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK d/ j'o torheoD ftu e'Jh s~Ekswe nzso
BjhA jB. gozs{ fInkdkso d/PK ftu nfGiBK ns/ ;ot;kXkoD dh T[g–;z;feqshnK T[Zso'so nbr ns/
ftfPPN byPDK Bkb :[es j[zdh ik ojh j?. fJ; ekoB, fJBQK d/ nbr–nbr nfXn?B d/ sohe/ th fGzB
jB. nfGiBK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;w[fus nfXn?B eoB d/ bJh ;kBz{ ftukoXkotK dh ftnkfynk
eoBh j't/rh, ekoi ;zukbB ;zfjsktK dh ftfPPNsktK Bz{ nKeDk j'J/rk ns/ T[Zu g~Xoh okiBhfse
;z;feqshnK dk nfXn?B iBws Bz{ wkgD d/ nkX[fBe sohfenK ns/ ;ot/yD P'X dhnK T[ABs seBheK T[s/
fBoGo eodk j?. fJBQK d'tK jh gqeko dh ;z;feqshnK dk, i' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ GkrK d/ o{g ftu ;ko/
;wkiK ftu d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?, ekch wjZst j? fJBQK d'tK ftu'A i' T[g–;z;feqsh fInkdk pbPkbh j[zdh j?
T[;/ T[Zs/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeosh fBoGo eodh j?. fiT[A–fiT[A iBsk ftu okiBhfse u/sBk
nkT[Adh iKdh j? fsT[–fsT[A iB T[g–;z;feqsh nfGiBh T[g–;z;feqsh d/ bSDK Bkb :[es j'D brdh
j?, fit/A fe wkJhBo thBo B/ Gkos d/ ;zdoG ftu fbfynk j? fe “fJ~E/ okiBhfse gqfeqnk ftu pj[;zfyne
iB–;w[dkJ/ dh ;z;feqsh dh nkX[fBe ftP/PsktK Bz{ T[j rqfjD eo bJ/rh ns/ fJ; gqeko T[j Gkos d/
ftfPPN tor dh ;z;feqsh Gkos ftu ;z;feqsh dh ;z;feqsh Gkos ftu nbr pDh oj/rh, PkfJd fBeN
GftZy ftu ftntjkfoe BjhA oj/rk. nro Gkos nkgD/ okiBhfse ;zouBkswe YKu/ Bz{ g~Swh irs dh
w[Zb–ftnt;Ek T[s/ jh nkXkfos oyD d/ pikJ/ ;wkitkdh w[Zb–ftnt;Ek ngDk e/ okiBhfse ftek; d/
wkor T[s/ n~r/ tXdk j? sK fJj d' gqeko dh T[g–;z;feqshnK fInkdk ;w/A se nbr–nbr BjhA ofj
gkT[DrhnK. Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftu ehsk frnk 42tK ;zP'XB fJ; gqftosh dk wjZstg{oB gq/oe pD ;e/
rk nfijh ;zGktBktK jB.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ T[g–;z;feqshnK d/ ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
ftu eJh T[g–;z;feqshnK j' ;edhnK jB. fJBQK T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu ;wkBsk iK ftPwsk j' ;edh j?.
gozs{, fJ; ;zdoG ftu e[M r~bK ftP/P o{g Bkb fXnkB d/D dhnK jB i' ;zy/g ftu fJ; gqeko jB – (e)
okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ftef;s ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;wo{gsk j't/ fJj io{oh BjhA j?. nkws"o s/ ;ko/
;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wo{g BjhA j[zdh j?. (e) nwohek ftu Bhrq' ns/ j'o r'o/ b'eK dh T[g–
;z;feqshnK fGzB–fGzB jB. (y) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw s"o s/ nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK dk fwPqD jh j[zdh
j?. (r) okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ftu T[g–;z;feqshnK dk fwPqD ;wkBsk s/ ftPwsk iK fto'X d'tK ftu'A fe;/
th gqeko dk o{g oy ;edk j?. (x) T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu fto'X okiBhfse ftek; ftu ;jkfJe ns/ T[;dk
gq/oe j[zdk j? ns/ (C) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek s'A d{ih okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu
s~s dh fdqPNh s'A fGzBsk BjhA oydh j?. fJj nzso e/tb wksqkswe jh j[zd/ jB.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko (The Foundation of Political Culture)
fe;h okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/P gqfeosh fe; gqeko pDdh j?, fJ; T[s/
fXnkB d/Dk io{oh j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fes/ ;wo{g d/yD Bz{ fwbdk j? s/ fes/ ftftX o{g tkbh j[zdh
j?. fJ; Bkb fJj gqPB wjs~tg{oB pD iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK d/ nfij/ fejV/ nkXko jB fiBQK
Bkb T[BQK dh gqfeosh dk fBoXkoD j[zdk j?. ukj/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftftX o{g tkbh iK ;wo{g gqfeosh
Bkb :[es j't/, T[j eJh go;go ;zpzXs ekoeK Bz{ iBw fdzdh j?. fJBQK ftu'A e[M gqw[Zy ekoeK iK nkXkoK
dk fJ~E/ T[b/y eoBk gqK;fre j'J/rk.

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