Page 91 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN (u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko ( )–
(u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko (The ideological foundation)– )–)– )–toswkB Pskpdh ftukoXkoktK dh
(u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko (
(u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko (
(u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko (
Pskpdh j?. 1848 s'A gfjbK ftfGzB ftukoXkoktK sK ;h go T[BQK ftu gko;gfoe fto'X dh ;fEsh BjhA
;h. fezs{ ;kfwntkdh x'PDk–g~so d/ 1848 ftu gqekPB ns/ 1917 ftu ;'thns o{; ftu ;kfwntkd dh
;EkgBk, fJNbh ns/ iowBh ftu d' ftPt :[~XK d/ ftu d/ nzsokb ftu ckf;Iw ns/ BkfiIw dk gqG[st,
nB/e fto'Xh ftukoXkoktK Bz{ Neokn dh ;fEsh ftu fbnk fd~sk j?. r[N fBog/y okiK dk ;wkitkdh Bkok
ns/ g{zihtkd ns/ ;kfwntkd dk ftPt wzu T[s/ jo irkj Neokn, wkUtkd dk uhB ftu gquko (wkUs;/
s[zr dh 1976 ftu w's d/ pknd th fJ; ftu e'Jh gfotosD nkT[Adk j? iK BjhA fJj ni/ efj ;eDk
w[Pfeb j?) okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK d/ f;oiB dh BthA Pesh pD frnk j?. nZi nB/e d/PK ftu ;?fBe
pb d/ gq:'r Bkb g{o/ ;wkiK ftu ipod;sh BthA okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK nko'fgs ehsh ik ojhnK jB i'
nro fJe ghVh se pDh ofj ;ehnK sK ;EkfJst gqkgs eo b?DrhnK. ;' ftukoXkok, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
dk nkX[fBe ekoe pD rJh j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu j[D ftukoXkoktK d/ ;EkB T[s/ ftukoXkoktK d/ nB[e{b
okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dk gqfsnko'gD ehsk ikD b~rk j?. fJ; soQK, ftukoXkok th okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk
nkXko pD rJh j?.
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[sgsh d/ ekoe iK nkXko fJe BjhA nB/e jB. fiBQK ekoeK dk n;hA T[Zs/
T[b/y ehsk j? T[j jh fJ;d/ nkXko j'D nfijk fBPeoP BjhA e~YDk j?. nkX[fe ;w/A d/ ifNb ;wkiK ftu
ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftPtk; fJzB/ ;q'sK s'A gqGkts ns/ fBofws j[zd/ jB fe ;G dh ;{uh pDk ;eDk ;zGt
jh BjhA fdykJh fdzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Xow nZi th okiBhfse feqnk d/ pko/ ftu b'eK d/ ftPtk;K
Bz{ pDkT[D ftu nkXkoG{s jB Gkos d/ rDszso pDD d/ pknd d/ gzi okPNogshnK ftu'A d' dk w[;bwkB
j'Dk wkso Gkosh w[;bwkBK dh okiBhfse nt;EktK ftu gfotosD dk ekoe wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. ;'
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nB/e nkXko s/ ekoe jB fiBQK ftu'A T[go'es Bz{ n;hA gqw[~y wzB e/ fJ; ftt/uB
ftu Pkwb ehsk j?.
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (Political Culture and Culture) –) –
) –
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (
) –
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh ( ) –
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (
topk B/ fbfynk j? fe ‘okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wki dh ng/ePkfeqs fInkdk nkw ;K;feqse ftnt;Ek
d/ ftu nzso ftPb/PDswe j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk fJe nfGzB gfjb{ j?.” okiBhfse
;z;feqsh ftu ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K Bz{ gqw[Zysk gqkgs ofjzdh j?. idfe nkw ;z;feqsh ftu wkBt
d/ ;ko/ ftPtk;K Bz{ Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?. n;hA T[Zs/ fJ; rZb dk toDB eo u[~e/ jK fe fe;/ ;wki dh nkw
;z;feqsh d/ d[nkok okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fBoXkoD ns/ g'PD jz[dk j?. ;z;feqsh d/ nkXkoG{s ftPtk; ns/
w[~b nkdoP jh nkw s"o s/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD ftu w[~y G{fwek ndk eod/ jB. jo ftnesh
dh okiBhsh d/ pko/ ftu nk;EktK, wkBsktK, ns/ ftPtk; T[;d/ j'o ftPtk;K, nk;EktK ns/ wkBsktK
d[nkok jh fBoXkos j[zd/ jB. ftnesh d/ nfij/ nkw ftPtk;K Bz{ jh ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh fejk iKdk
j?.
okiBhfse ;z;EktK s/ gqfeqnktK d/ pko/ ftu ftnesh, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu nkgD/
ftPtk; pDkT[Adk j?. fJj ;wkiheoB pj[s e[M ;wki dh ;K;feqse ftnt;Ek d/ d[nkok gq/fos iK ;hfws
j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ j'o th nfGeoD jB, fezs{ T[BQK ftu'A gqw[Zy dk ;zpzX ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh Bkb jh j?.
;' okiBhfse nk;EktK, nkw ;z;feqsh ftu wkBsk gqkgs edoK–ehwsK ns/ nk;EktK d/ d[nkok jh gq/fos
ns/ fBofws j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, nkgD/ nkw ihtB ftu fJe ftnesh dh gqftosh d{finK T[s/
nkfXgfsn iwkT[D dh j? sK T[;dk okiBhfse ihtB th fJ;h soK dh gqftosh Bkb ;feqJ/ j'J/rk. fJ;
Bkb T[;dh okiBhfse nk;EktK th fJ;d/ nB[o{g j' ikDrhnK. ;' nkw ;z;feqsh dhnK edoK–ehwsK ns/
ftPtk;K s'A okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ngqGkfts BjhA ofj ;edh. wkBt gqfeosh d/ ;zpzX ftu ftnesh d/
fdqPNhe'D dk okiBhfse nfGB/sktK d/ gqsh T[;d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fBeN dk ;zpzX j[zdk j?.
nkw ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fJ; toDB s'A fJj BjhA ;wMDk j? fe nkw ;z;feqsh jh okiBhfse
;z;feqsh Bz{ nkXko, g'PD ns/ o{g gqdkB eodh j?. t?;/ fJBQK d'tK ftu ;zpzX jh BjhA gko;gfoesk th
ofjzdh j?. eJh ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh T[s/ th fBoD/ekoh gqGkt
d/fynk frnk j?. nB/e ;t/Skukoh ns/ ;otkfXekoh Pk;B ftnt;EktK ftu ;[szso o{g Bkb okiBhfse

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