Page 96 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD BØN
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD (Political Culture
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD
Approach : A Critical Appraisal)
s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw d/ T[go'es ftt/uB Bkb fJj BjhA ;wM b?Dk j? fe
fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ pko/ ftu ;G gqeko d/ ;gPNheoD d/Dk ;zGt j?. fezs{ fJ;
Bkb okiBhfse ftntjko dh frnkswe PeshnK Bz{ gSkDBk ;zGt j'fJnk j?. fJ;dk nfXn?B ;kBz{
okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfXn?B dh soc b? iKdk j?. fJ;d/ d[nkok n;hA T[BQK nB[GtK B{z ikDB dh soc
gqtfo~s j[zd/ jK fiBQK d/ d[nok okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh Bz{ j;sKsfos j[zdh j?. BKb
jh fJ; ntXkoDk s'A n;hA T[BQK gfo;fEshnK dk frnkB th gqkgs eo gkT[Ad/ jK fiBQK d/ nzsors
okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK gfotofss j[zdh j?. fJ;d/ d[nkok nfXn?B s'A ;kBz{ fe;/ okPNo d/ okihfse ftek;
T[s/ fJe BtK fdqPNhe'D fwbdk j?.
fezs{ topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk s'A pj[s fInkdk ng/ePktK oyD d/ gqsh ;u/s eod/ j'J/
fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ihtB d/ fJe ftfPPN ns/ wjs~tg{oB gfjb{ T[s/ fXnkB d/Dk bkGdkfJe j?,
fezs{ fJj okiBhfse xNBk d/ ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk dk e/tb ;wkoek jh jB tk;st ftu wj~stg{oB
rZb fJj BjhA fe n;hA okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nfXn?B eohJ/ pbfe fJj j? fe n;hA fJ;dk nfXn?B fe;
soQK eod/ jK ns/ okiBhsh d/ frnkB ftu nfGftqXh d/ bJh fJ;dk gq:'r eod/ jB sK fJj okiBhfse
nzsfj feqnk ns/ okiBhsh ;z;EktK d/ gqsho{gK d/ pko/ ftu ftPtk;K dh ftnkfynk dh soc ;ze/s eod/
jB ns/ fJj d;d/ jB fe okiBhfse irs ftu j'D tkbh xNBktK ns/ T[BQK xNBktK dh gqfsfeqnk ftu
b'eK d/ ftntjko d/ w~X fJe wj~stg{oB eVh dk fBowkD eodh j?. fJj rZb dk ;ze/s th fdzd/ jB fe
b'e okiBhsh ftu i' e[M d/yd/ jK T[;d/ fto[~X eh ws gqrN eod/ jB ns/ i' e[M d/fynk j? T[;dh T[j
eh ftnkfynk eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJ; r~b Bz{ fBnfws eodh j? fe okiBhfse irs
ftu e"D eh d/ydk j? ns/ T[;dh fe; soQK ftnkfynk eodk j?<” topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[g:'frsk
d/ pko/ ftu fJj gq;Ekfgs ehsk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K dk xfBPmsk dk ;zpzX j?.
n;hA topk d/ fJ; Bshi/ Bz{ ;theko eod/ j'J/ fJ;Bz{ fJ; gqeko ;zP'fXs eoBk nfXe T[g:[es wzBKr/ fe
“okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh ;feqnsk dh ftfPPNsk ns/ okiBhsh ;z;feqsh dk nfsnkfXe r{Vsk dk ;zpzX j?.”
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk d/ ftek; Bkb jh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dh tk;sfte gqfeosh, T[BQK
d/ nzdo j'D tkb/ ftek;K ns/ fJBQK ftek;K dh ;zGkts fdPktK Bz{ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJsk fwbD bZrh j?.
fezs{ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ th fJzB/ nk:kw ns/ fBnkwe iK gfotofsn jB fe fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ nfXn?B
s/ s[bBktK ftu ftP/P ;ktXkBh tosD dh io{os j?, BjhA sK fJj ntXkoDk th okiBhsh dh rfsnkswesktK
B{z ;wMD ftu ftP/P ;jkfJe BjhA j'J/rh. okiBhfse ftntjko fJzBk ifNb j[zdk j? ns/ fJzB/ fInkdk
gqGktK Bkb fBnfws j[zdk j? fe fJ;Bz{ nkw Yzr Bkb jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
T[gkrw s'A fJj ng/ePk oyDk fe fJj okiBhfs dk e'Jh nkw f;XKs pDkT[D dh nt;Ek ftu gj[zuk
d/t/rk, fe nkfsnKfse (extreme) fBPeoP j'J/rk. nfijk fBPeoP ;jh BjhA j' ;edk. okiBhfse
;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk B/ okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ nzPk s/ ;zg{oBsk, d'tK T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs eoB d/
T[geoD gqdkB eoe/, okiBhfse ;wM s/ okiBhfse ftek;K Bz{ ;wMD ftu gfonkgs ;jkfJesk dh j?.
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD (Self-Assessment)
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD
;t–w[bKeD
1H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nB[Gkfte HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;zGt j?.
2H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ nkXkfos P'X Bkb, b'efgqn s/ iBsk dh ‘;~sk ;[szsosk’ iK HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
dhnK XkoDktK ftu fJe ekbktXh ftu nkT[D tkb/ gfotosDK Bz{ ;gPN o{g s'A fJzfrs ehsk ik
;edk j?.
3H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ;ze/se HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ :'r j[zd/ jB.
4H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftftX HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh nkgDh ntXkoDk ftu
J/ehfeqs eoB dk nt;o gqdkB eodh j?.
5H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh se gj[zukT[D ftu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk pj[w[~b :'rdkB
j'Dk j?.

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