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fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
;z;feqsh dk f;oiB eoe/ T[; Bz{ ;wkiK T[s/ gqsho'fgs eo fdZsk frnk j? fi; Bkb Bk e/tb fJj BthB BØN
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, ftnesh dh w[~b ftnt;Ek pD rJh, s/ fJ; Bkb ;zg{oB ;wki ftu w[~b ftnt;EktK
Bz{ pdbD ftu gq/oDk bJh rJh, fi; Bkb nkw ;z;feqsh dk fJ; BthA okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nB[o{g
o{gKsoD j' frnk. ;'thns o{; ftu fJjh ehsk frnk j?. ;' fJj BjhA ;wMDk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
nkw ;z;feqsh dh fJe nfijh T[g–;z;feqsh j? i' T[;d/ T[go jh nkfPqs ofjzdh j?. fJj sK b'esKsfoe
ftnt;EktK ftu th BjhA j[zdk j?. nkw ;z;feqsh nro gozgoktkdh gqfeosh oydh j? sd'A fJ;h okiBhfse
Pesh d/ gq:'r Bkb pbg{ope nkX[fBe pDkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko d/ isBK Bkb
okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie d't/A jh gqeko dh ;z;feqshnK ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edh
j?. fjNbo, w[;kfbBh, ;NkfbB ns/ wkUs;/ s[zr B/ nfij/ jh isB ehs/ fi; ftu T[j T[; ekbktXh ftu
nt~P ;cb th oj/ ;B. e/;Nq', feT{pk ftu PkfJd fJjh isB eo fojk j?.
Bshi/ ftu n;hA fJjh efj ;ed/ jK fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk nfGzB Gkr j[zd/ j'J/ th T[;
s'A pj[s ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. fJBQK d'tK ftu r{Vk ;zpzX j? ns/ d't/A fJe d{i/ Bz{ x~N ik fInkdk wksqk ftu
gqGkfts eodh ofjzdh j?. nkw ;z;feqsh ftnkge ntXkoDk j?, idfe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh pj[s ;hfws
ntXkoDk j?. gfjbh ftu ftnesh dh ;zg{ob w[~b ftnt;Ek, nk;EktK, ns/ ftPtk; Pkwb j[zd/ jB.
idfe, d{ih ftu, ftnesh d/ e/tb okiBhfse feqnk Bkb iK okiBhfse t;s{nK Bkb ;zpzfXs w~[b,
nk;EktK ns/ ftPtk; nkT[Ad/ jB. fi; gqeko okiBhfse ftnt;E, ;wkfie ftnt;Ek dh fJe ftP/P
T[g–ftnt;Ek j? mhe T[;/ gqeko, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh th nkw ;z;feqsh dh T[g–;z;feqsh j?. fJBQQK d'tK
ftu gko;gfoesk j?, fezs{ fJ; gko;gfoesk dk e'Jh fBPfus gqshwkB BjhA j[zdk j?. fJj gko;gfoesk
nB/e r~bK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh gqfeqosh d/ nbktk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe
ftnt;EktK d/ d[nkok th fJ;dk fBPu/ j[zdk j?.

Nk;e okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh ftu eh nzso j?<

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek;
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek;
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek;
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; (Development of Political Culture)
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek;
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk s'A fJj noE BjhA b?Dk j/ fe fJj ;E?fse ns/ ;fEo j?. fJ; ftu pokpo
gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gfotosK dk jh gfoDkw j' ;edk j?.
J/bB pkb B/ okiBhfse ;z;feaqsh d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftu mhe jh fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
ngfotosBhJ/ BjhA j[zdh, fezs{ T[j okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo jh iBw b?D tkb/ ns/ pkjo s'A b~d/ rJ/
(nfXo'fgs) iK nk:kfss ftukoK d/ gqsh ikro[e j[zdh j?.” okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;EktK
ftu nkT[D tkb/ MzMktksK ftu vktKv'b j[zdh ;z;EktK Bz{ Pesh gqdkB eoe/ okiBhfse ;EkfJst Bz{ pDk
e/ oZyD ftu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ g?o T[yVD s'A
puk dh ftnt;Ek eodh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, “ikgkB dh 1945 ftu j'Jh jko, 1952 se ftd/PhnK dk
epik ns/ 1946 ftu nwohehnK d[nkok T[dkotkdh gqikszsoh ;zftXkB d/ nfXo'gD B/ T[; T[s/ ipod;s
n;o gk e/ T[;Bz{ j'o th pdbD d/ bJh wip{o ehsk. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe nZi fJE/ gozgokrs ihtB
w[~b ns nkX[fBeheoD eoB tkb/ g~Swh bSD fJem/ jh w"i{d jB. fJj g{oh soQK okiBhfse ;fEsosk
dk ;q's gqdkB ehsk j?.” fJ; Bkb ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu nkT[D
tkb/ pdbktK Bz{ ;zGt pDkT[Ad/ j'J/ th ftnt;Ek Bz{ pDk e/ oyD dk wkfXnw gq;s[s eodh j?. okiBhfse
;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX wB[~yK dh ;zg{oB okiBhfse nk;EktK Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ T[;d/ d[nkok jh ;wkiK ftu nkT[D
tkb/ s[ckBK Bkb w[ekpbk eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?.
fJj okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh Pesh ns/ T[;dh frnkswesk dk gZy fejk ik ;edk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
;wkiK B{z pzBQD ns/ ftek; wkor T[s/ tXkT[D tkbh Pesh d/ o{g ftu jh ezw eodh j? nfijk jw/Pk jh
BjhA j[zdk j?. fJj edh–edh ftek; Bz{ nto'fXs th eodh j?. nkw s"o s/ fJ; ftu gfotosD, nB[e{bB

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