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fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
;z;feqshnK Bz{ ;kfwn dh nt;Ek ftu BjhA fbnk ;fenk. B/gkb dh ftP/P G"r'fbe ;fEsh B/ nfijh BØN
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh pDk fdZsh fe Gkos ftu ;zgoeK ns/ Gkos ftu b'esKsfoe gqftoshnK dk e[M ;wK
gqGkt jh fojk j? okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ;z;feqsh d/ dpktK d/ ekoB d[pkok o;s/ T[Zs/ ub fBebh. ;' fe;/
d/P dh okiBhsh ;z;feqsh dk G[r'b th wjZstg{oB fBnkwe ekoe pD iKdk j?.
(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko (
(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko (
(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko ( )–
(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko (
(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko (The Foundation of Socioeconomic structures)– )–)– )–
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeosh ftu, i' fJfsjk;e ns/ G"r'fbe ekoDK s'A ftP/P gqeko dh pD iKdh j?,
gfotosD fbnkT[D iK T[;Bz{ T[;/ o{g ftu pDk e/ o~yD d/ bJh ;wki ftP/P dh ;wkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk
jh fInkdk fizw/tko j[zdh j?. w[~y o{g s'A Pfjoh ns/ T[fd:'re ;wki fInkdk ;'Pfb;N iK ifNb ;wki
j[zdk j? fi~E/ s/I ;zuko ;kXBK Bz{ tkXk fwbdk j?. nfij/ ;wki ftu f;fyne g~Xo T[Zuso j[zd/ jB, r[NK
ns/ ;w{jK dh ;zfynk ftu tkXk j' iKdk j? ns/ fBoD/ekoh gqfeqnk ftu Gkr b?D tkfbnK dh ;zfynk fInkdk
ftnkge jz[dh j?. g/Av{ ;wki gfotosD ns/ nfGBtheoD d/ gqsh T[Bw[y BjhA j[zd/ ns/ fiBQK okiK dh
iB;zfynk dk fInkdk fe;kB tor j[zdk j?, T[j fInkdk nB[dko j[zd/ jB, ns/ fJBK byPDK tkb/ ;wkiK
dk b'eK dh okiBhfse nfGftqshnK ns/ edoK–ehwsk T[s/ rfjok gqGkt g?Adk j?. fe;/ gqd/P ftP/P d/
ftgohs ;zg{oB okPNo d/ gqsh fBPmk T[fd:'fre ;wki dk byPD jB Gkt/A nfijk jw/Pk BjhA j[zdk j? fco
th fJj nkws"o s/ d/yD ftu nkT[Adk j?. fezs{ fiBQK ;wkiK ftu iB;zfynk dk fInkdkso fe;kBh eodk
j?, T[ZE/ d/ b'eK dh nB[dko nfGftqshnK d/ Bkb ;oekoh rshftXhnK d/ gqsh wBw[Nkt ns/ T[;d/ y/so d/
pko/ ftu nfrnkb i[V iKd/ jB. nfij/ ;wkiK ftu e/Adoh gqPk;B i' e[M eodk j? T[;/ dk wj~st j[zdk
j? ns/ Pk;B dh BhshnK fet/A pdbh ns/ gqGkfts ehshnK iKdhnk jB, T[;d/ pko/ ftu x~N ikDekoh j[zdh
j?.
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD ftu nkofEe ;zouBk s'A th fInkdk wjZst ;wkfie ;zouBk dk jz[dk j?.
;wki ftu pj[bsk ns/ ftftXsk tkb/ torK dk j'Dk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK ;Ekgs
eo fdzdk j?, fiBQK ftu ;wo{gsk iK ftPwsk d/ byPD ;zgoB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ fBoD/ekoh Yzr BKb
gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nro ;wki GkPk, Xow, ikshnsk, ;zikshns ns/ nshs d/ nbr–nbr nB[GtK d/
ekoB nbrkt dh gqftosh oydk j? sK okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ fJBQK byPDK d/ dpkt gJ/ fpBk BjhA oy
;ed/ jB. 1947 s'A gfjbK Gkos d' gqeko dk Gkos ;h. fJe fpqfNP Gkos ns/ d{ik Gkosh Gkos (fi~E/
okik wjkokiktK dk Pk;B ;h) ;h. ;[szsosk d/ pknd 1956 d/ okiK d/ w[V rmB d/ pkti{d ni/ e[M d/
;h fonk;sK tkb/ gqd/PK ftu nfijh T[g–;z;feqshnK Bz{ ;wkgs eoBk ;zGt BjhA j'fJnk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk
th Gkos ftu nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK ns/ ftP/Peo d~yD d/ b'eK dh T[g–;z;feqsh fi; Bz{ T[j T[g–
okPNohsk se efjzd/ jB, Gkos dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nB/e tko sDkn s/ ;zeN d/ gb fbnkT[D
ftu ;cb ojh j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dh T[Eb–g[Eb, fJ;/ gqeko dh T[g–
;z;feqshnK dh ft~dwkBsk s'A, fJe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ftef;s Bk j' ;eD d/ ekoB j[zdh ofjzdh j?.
(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (The Foundations of General Culture of
(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (
(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (
(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (
(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (
Society)–)– )–)– )–okiBhfse ;z;feqash dk g'PD nkw ;z;feqsh Bkb jh j[zdk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wki dh
;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs, T[; T[s/ nkfPqs ns/ edh–edh g{oBsk nkXkfos j' iKdh j?. fJ;dk fJj noE BjhA
j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk, ;z;feqsh s'A e'Jh nbrkt iK T[;dh ;tkfJ~ssk BjhA j[zdh j?. okiBhfse
;z;feqsh d/ noE ftu n;hA t/y u[~e/ jK fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dk Gkr j[zd/ jh th T[;
s'A ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk w"fbe ns/ ;EkJh nkXko ;wki dh nkw gqfeosh jh
ejh ik ;edh j?.
fInkdkso ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse rVpV dk gqw[~y ekoB fJjh j? fe T[BQK ftu nkw ;z;feqsh d/ ftgohs
nkX[fBe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[go/ s'A b~d fdZsh rJh i' ;wki d/ d[nkok g'PD gqkgs Bk eo gkT[D d/ ekoB
gqGkth BjhA ofj ;eh j?. fJ; Bkb ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse ftntjko d/ ;[fBPfus gqshwkB ftef;s
BjhA j' gkJ/ ns/ fJBQK d/PK ftu okiBhfse n;EkJhst ns/ eqKshnK dk p'bpkbk ofjD b~rk. ;z;feqsh ns/
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk n;hA tyo/ f;ob/y d/ nzsors ft;sko Bkb ftt/uB eoKr/. ;' fJ~E/ fJj efjDk ekch
oj/rk fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[sg~sh dk fJe ekoe d/P dh nkw ;z;feqsh th j[zdk j?.
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