Page 277 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

bdkbZ—14% ledkyhu Hkkjr esas lkekftd ifjorZu

rF; ls bUdkj ughsa fd;k tk ldrk fd usg: ekWMy osQ lektokn us gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks pkj n'kkfCn;ksa&1950] uksV
1960] 1970 vkSj 1980 esa dkiQh lq/kj fn;k] ;|fi ,d ,slh fopkj/kjk Hkh gS tks bldk [k.Mu djrs gq,
dgrh gS fd bl vFkZO;oLFkk dk izn'kZu rkboku] FkkbyS.M] gkax&dkax] flaxkiqj] nf{k.k dksfj;k] vkfn dh
vFkZ;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa ux.; jgkA vc gekjs ikl yk[kksa dh la[;k esa m|ksxksa osQ vk/qfud miØe gSa tks igys
osQoy eqBhHkj gh Fks_ gc gekjs ikl m|ksx lEcU/h o rduhdh dq'kyrkvksa dk vPNk Hk.Mkj gS+ gekjs ikl
fHkykbZ] jkm:osQyk tSlh cM+h tu&;kstuk,a gSa_ ghjkdq.M tSls cM+s ck¡?k gS_ fodk'khy lalkj esa gekjs ikl loksZPp
cpr nj gS_ 1990&94 esa gekjh fodkl nj 5» izfr o"kZ Fkh_ geus fu;kZr dh nj dks MkWyj esa 17» izfro"kZ
cuk, j[k gS_ voklh; (non-resident) Hkkjrokfl;ksa }kjk tek fd;s /u esa chl xq.kk o`f¼ dh gS] vUrjkZ"Vªh;
eqnzk ckT+kkj esa vlkekU; fo'oluh;rk izkIr dh gS_ rFkk X+kjhch dh js[kk osQ uhps jgus okyh tula[;k esa deh
(1980 esa 51» ls 1994 esa 24») Hkh vftZr dh gSA bl fodkl osQ ckotwn Hkh ;g Hkh ,d rF; gS fd gekjs
lkeus eqnzkLiQhfr (inflation) rFkk mPp Í.k dh leL;k,a Hkh gSaA 30]000 yk[k MkWyj ls Hkh mQij O;kikj ?kkVs
dk 'ks"k gS ctV ?kkVk rks vjcksa esa gSaA
izeq[k vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj oh- ih- flag rFkk pUnz'ks[kj ljdkjksa dh uhfr;ksa us lu~ 1988 ls 1991 rd dh
vof/ esa ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor fd;k FkkA ujflag jko us 1992 osQ izkjEHk esa
lektoknh O;oLFkk dks R;kx dj ,d u;s ekWMy dh vFkZ&uhfr izkjEHk dh tks mnkjhdj.k] cktkjhdj.k o
futhdj.k osQ n'kZu ij vk/kfjr Fkh (ftls vc usg:oknh iw¡thoknh dgk tkrk gS)A dkaxzsl ljdkj dk nkok gS
d blls gekjs vkfFkZd fodkl dks cM+k izksRlkgu feysxkA ljdkj dh ekU;rk gS fd bl ubZ&uhfr dk ewy rRo
;g gS fd ;g ljdkjh o futh nksuksa gh m|eksa es fo'okl iSnk djsxh vkSj fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk cgq tura=k
(plural democracy) esa fo'okl c<+k,xhA

vizSy 1992 osQ fr#ifr vf/os'ku esa dkaxzsl us ,d u;k vkn'kZ fopkjkRed izLrko izkfjr fd;k tks fd
osQUnz&ls&ck,a ls osQUnz&ls&nk,a dks LFkkukUrj.k dk Fkk usg: osQ uke ij usg: dks R;kxus dh ;g rjdhc FkhA
;g u;k ekWMy fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa nh xbZ vkfFkZd lgk;rk (subsidy) dks dkVuk] ijfeV&ykblsUl lekIr djuk]
bafXT+kLV (exist) uhfr ykxw djuk] ns'k dks cgqjk"Vªh; dkisZjs'ku osQ fy, [kksyuk] vk;kr fu;a=k.k gVkuk] vkfn
fcUnqvksa ij è;ku osQfUnzr djrk gSA bl izdkj muosQ dFku mQijh rksj ij lektoknh cus jgs] tc fd uhfr;ksa
osQ ewy esa iw¡thoknh Hkkouk dk mn; gks x;k gSA
,sls fo}ku Hkh gSa tks ;g fo'okl ugha djrs gSa fd orZeku ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr okLro esa Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk dks iquthfor djsxhA mudh ekU;rk gS fd gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk fiQj ls iui ldrh gS ;fn vk;kr
ij jksd yxk nh tk;s] fu;kZr dk izksRlkgu fn;k tk;s] VSDl O;oLFkk dks foLr`r fd;k tk;s] dkys /u dks fudkyk
tk;s] j{kk O;; esa dVkSrh dh tk;s] izkd`frd lk/uksa ds nksgu ij vf/d è;ku fn;k tk;s] oLrqvksa ds fy, cM+k
cktkj cuk;k tk;s] Hkwfe lq/kjksa esa ifjorZu yk;k tk;s] vkfnA ;s fo}ku ;g Hkh fo'okl djrs gSa fd ns'k dks
vkUrfjd lk/uksa ij fuHkZj jguk pkfg, u fd ckák lk/uksa ijA
lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl&usg: o mnkj ekWMy nksuksa&us gekjh
lkekftd lajpukvksa dks gekjh bPNk osQ vuqlkj izHkkfor fd;k gSaA ge vius lekt osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy, fdlh
Hkh lekt'kkL=kh; ekWMy dk iz;ksx djsa&fodkloknh (evolutionary) (lekt osQ mf}dkl dks fofHkUu voLFkkvksa
esa ij j[kuk)] la?k"kZoknh (lÙkk osQ fy, izfrLi¼kZ o fujUrj laa?k"kZ ij cy)] izdk;kZRed (funtional) (lkekftd
lajpuk esa izR;sd laLFkkxr O;ogkj osQ vU; lHkh bdkbZ;ksa osQ fy, ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k) vkfn_ blls ;g Li"V
gksxk fd lkekftd lEcU/ksa] laLFkkvksa] lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa] lkekftd ljapukvksa] lkekftd ekun.Mksa] vkfn
esa ifjorZu gks x;k gSA vkt Hkkjr osQ yksx mrus #f<+oknh ugha gSa ftrus ,d 'krkfCn iwoZ FksA Hkwrdky ls tks uSfrd
ewY; vkSj ekun.M lekt esa izpfyr Fks muosQ izfr os dêðjoknh ugha gSaA vkt yksx O;fDrxr Lora=krk dh vksj

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