Page 280 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

lkekftd lajpuk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu

uksV ls de dh l?kurk ugha] (l) mldh dk;Zjr tula[;k dk rhu&pkSFkkbZ xSj&d`f"kd xfrfof/;ksa esa gksuh pkfg;s]
vkSj (n) ml LFkkyu dh dqN viuh fo'ks"krk;sa gksuh pkfg;s vkSj ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj] cSadksa] Ldwyksa] ckT+kkjksa]
euksjatu osQUnzksa] vLirkyksa] fctyh] vkSj v[kckjksa vkfn dh ukxfjd lq[k lqfo/k;sa gksuh pkfg,A ifjHkk"kk esa bl
ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i 812 {ks=k (44 yk[k O;fDr;ksa osQ) tks 1951 dh tux.kuk esa dLcs ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s Fks
mUgsa 1961 dh tux.kuk esa dLck ugha ekuk x;kA

1961 dk vk/kj 1971] 1981] 1991 dh tux.kukvksa esa Hkh dLcs dh ifjHkk"kk djrs le; viuk;k x;kA vc
tulakf[;dh; :i esa mu {ks=kksa dks ftudh tula[;k 5]000 vksj 20]000 osQ chp gS NksVk dLck (small town)

ekuk tkrk gS] ftudh 20]000 vkSj 50]000 osQ chp gS mUgsa cM+k dLck (large town) ekuk tkrk gS] ftudh
tula[;k 50]000 vkSj ,d yk[k osQ chp gS] mUgsa 'kgj (city) dgk tkrk gS] ftudh ,d yk[k vksj 10 yk[k
osQ chp gS mUgsa cM+k 'kgj (large city) dgk tkrk gS] ftldh 10 vkSj 50 yk[k osQ chp gS mls fo'kky uxj
(mega city) dgk tkrk gS vkSj ftlesa 50 yk[k ls vf/d O;fDr gSa mls egkuxj (metropolitan city) dgk
tkrk gSA
lekt'kkL=kh ¶uxj¸ dh ifjHkk"kk esa tula[;k osQ vkdkj dks vf/d egRo ugha nsrs D;ksafd U;wure tula[;k
osQ ekun.M dkiQh cnyrs jgrs gS_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] uhnjySUM esa ,d LFkku dks uxjh; dgykus osQ fy, 20]000 dh
U;wure tula[;k dh vko';drk gS_ izQkal] vkfLVª;k vkSj if'pe teZuh esa og 2]000 gS_ tkiku esa 3]000 gS_

vejhdk esa 3]500 gS] bR;kfnA bl izdkj ls os tula[;k osQ vkdkj osQ LFkku ij fo'ks"krkvksa dks vf/d egRo
nsrs gSaA fFkvksMkWlZu us ^'kgjh leqnk;* dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS fd ¶;g og leqnk; gS ftldh tula[;k
dh l?kurk (density) cgqr gS] tgk¡ xSj&d`f"kd O;olk;ksa dh lokZf/drk (predominance) gS] ,d mQaps Lrj
dh fo'ks"kKrk (specialisation) gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i Je&foHkktu tfVy gksrk gS] vksj LFkkuh; 'kklu dh
vkSipkfjd <ax ls O;oLFkk gksrh gSA mldh fo'ks"krkvksa esa voS;fDrd f}rh;d laca/ izpfyr gksrs gSa vksj
vkSipkfjd lekftd fu;U=k.kksa ij fuHkZjrk jgrh gS¸A jkcVZ jsMiQhYM (vesfjdu tuZy vkiQ lksf'k;ksykWth]
tuojh] 1942) osQ vuqlkj 'kgjh lekt dh fo'ks"krk;sa ;s gksrh gSaA fd ¶og ,d cM+h fo"ke:i (heteroge-
neous) tual[;k gksrh gS] mldk nwljs lektksa ls fudV laca/ gksrk gS (O;kikj] lapkj] vkfn osQ tfj;s)] mlesa
,d tfVy Je&foHkktu gksrk gS] lkalkfjd ekeyksa dks ifo=k ekeyksa dh vis{kkd`r vf/d egRo fn;k tkrk
gS] vkSj fuf'pr y{;ksa osQ izfr foosdiw.kZ rjhosQ ls O;ogkj dks lqO;ofLFkr djus dh vfHkyk"kk gksrh gSA os
ikjEifjd ekun.Mksa dk vuqlj.k ugha djrsA
uxjhdj.k (Urbanization): tula[;k dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls uxjh; {ks=kksa esa tkuk ^uxjh;dj.k* dgykrk gSA blosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i tula[;k dk c<+rk gqvk Hkkx xzkeh.k LFkkuksa esa jgus osQ ctk; 'kgjh LFkkuksa esa jgrk gSA FkkWelu okju
(,ulkbDyksihfM;k vkWiQ lks'ky lkbUlst) us bldh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS% ¶;g ,sls leqnk;ksa osQ O;fDr;ksa] tks
izeq[k:i ls ;k iw.kZ:i ls d`f"k ls tqM+s gq;s gSa] dk mu leqnk;ksa esa tkuk gS tks lk/kj.kr;k (vkdkj esa) muls cM+s

gSa vkSj ftudh xfrfof/;ka eq[; :i ls ljdkj] O;kikj] mRiknu ;k buls lEc¼ dkjckjksa ij osQfUnzr gS¸A ,UMlZu
osQ vuqlkj uxjhdj.k ,drjiQk izfØ;k u gks dj nqrjiQk izfØ;k gSA blesa osQoy xkaoksa ls 'kgjksa esa tkuk ugha gksrk]
ijUrq blesa izoklh osQ :[kksa] fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa vksj O;ogkj osQ la:iksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gSA mlus uxjhdj.k dh
ikap ifjorZu] fyf[kr vfHkys[k (records), vkSj vfHkuo ifjorZu (innovations)A
uxjh;rk (Urbanism): uxjh;rk ,d thou i¼fr (way of life) gSA ;g lekt dk ,slk laxBu gS ftlesa Je
dk tfVy foHkktu] izkS|ksfxdh osQ maQps Lrj] mPp xfr'khyrk] vkfFkZd dk;ks± dks lEiUu djus osQ fy, mlosQ
lnL;ksa dh ikjLifjd vkJfrrk vkSj lkekftd lacU/ksa esa voS;fDrdrk (impersonality) dk lekos'k gksrk gSA
uxjh;rk ;k uxjh; O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk;sa (Characteristics of Urbanism or Urban

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