Page 281 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

bdkbZ—14% ledkyhu Hkkjr esas lkekftd ifjorZu

System): yqbZl oFkZ (Louis Wirth: 1938: 49) us uxjh;rk dh pkj fo'ks"krk;sa crykbZ gSa% uksV
LFkkf;Ro (Transiency): ,d uxj fuoklh vius ifjfprksa dks Hkwyrk jgrk gS vkSj u;s O;fDr;ksa ls lacU/
cukrk jgrk gSA muosQ vius iM+kSfl;ksa ls ,oa Dyc vkfn tSls lewgksa osQ lnL;ksa ls vf/d eS=khiw.kZ lacU/
ugha gksrs blfy;s muosQ pys tkus ls mls dksbZ fpUrk ugha gksrhA
lrghiu (Superficiality): ,d ukxfjd dqN gh O;fDr;ksa ls ckrphr djrk gS vkSj muls Hkh mlosQ
lacU/ voS;fDrd vkSj vukSipkfjd gksrs gSaA O;fDr ,oa nwljs ls vR;Ur vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa esa
feyrs gSaA os vius thou dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy;s vf/d O;fDr;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA

xqeukeh (anonymity): uxjokfl;ksa osQ ,d nwljs ls ?kfu"B lacU/ ugha gksrsA oS;fDrd ikjLifjd
ifjfprrk (acquaintanceship), tks vM+ksl&iM+ksl osQ O;fDr;ksa esa fufgr gksrh gSA] uxj esa ugha gksrhA
• O;fDrokn (individualism): O;fDr vius fufgr LokFkks± dks vf/d egRo nsrs gSaA

:FkXykl us uxjh;rk dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa crykbZ gSa% xfr'khyrk] xqeukehiu] O;fDrokn] voS;fDrd
lacU/ lkekftd Hksnhdj.k (differentiation), vLFkkf;Ro] vkSj ;akf=kd (organic) ,drkA ,UMlZu us uxjh;rk
dh rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k gS% leatuuh;rk (adjustability), xfr'khyrk] vkSj iSQyko (diffusion)A
ek'kZy fDyukMZ (Marshall Clinard: 1957) us nzqrxkeh lkekftd ifjorZu] izfrekuksa vkSj ewY;ksa osQ chp la?k"kZ]
tula[;k dh c<+rh gqbZ xfr'khyrk] HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ij cy] vkSj vfHkUu vUrjⓈfDrd lEidZ (intimate
interpersonal communication) esa voufr (decline) dks uxjh;rk dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,sa cryk;k gSA osQ-
Msfol (1953) us uxjh; lkekftd O;oLFkk dh vkB fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS% lkekftd fo"kerk
(heterogeneity) (uxjh; {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu /eks±] Hkk"kkvksa] tkfr;ksa] vkSj oxks± osQ O;fDr jgrs gSa vkSj ogka O;olk;
esa Hkh fo'ks"kKrk gksrh gS)] }Srh;d laca/] lkekftd xfr'khyrk] O;fDrokn] LFkku laca/h i`FkDdj.k (spatial
segregation), lkekftd lgu'khyrk] }Srh;d fu;U=k.k] vkSj Lo;alsoh laLFkk;saA
ywbZl oFkZ us uxjh;rk dh pkj fo'ks"krk;sa crykbZ gSa% tula[;k esa fHkUurk] dk;Z dh fo'ks"kKrk] xqeukeh]
voS;fDrdrk] vkSj thou vkSj O;ogkj dk ekudhdj.k (standardization)A ;|fi ;s fo'ks"krk;sa uxjh; O;fDr
vkSj mlosQ thou dk vfrjaftr fp=k n'kkZrh gSa fiQj Hkh mudk fo'ys"k.k ;gka vko';d gSμ
1- tula[;k dh fo"kerk (Heterogeneity of Population): fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls O;fDr;ksa dk izokl uxjksa dh
cM+h la[; osQ fy;s cgqr mÙkjnk;h gSA blosQ dkj.k fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa osQ O;fDr
lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA O;fDr;ksa dk ;g feJ.k vukSipkfjd fu;U=k.kksa (yksdkpkj vksj izFkk;sa) osQ lapkyu
dks izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj O;fDr;ksa vkSj lewgksa osQ O;ogkj dks fu;fU=kr djus osQ fy;s vkSipkfjd :i
ls cuk;s gq;s jpuk&ra=kksa (mechanisms) ij fuHkZjrk c<+ tkrh gSA O;fDr lkewfgd Hkkoukvksa (common
sentiments) esa vc vkLFkk ugha j[krs vksj vU; laLd`fr;ksa osQ uohu fopkjksa ls izokfl;ksa osQ lEidZ
}kjk izHkkfor gksdj os iqjkus fo'oklksa vkSj iz;klksa esa vfo'okl izdV djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj osQ u;s :[kksa
vkSj thou'kSfy;ksa dks viuk ysrs gSa tks mudh vkfFkZd izfr"Bk (status) dks c<+kus esa vkSj leatu dh
leL;kvksa ls fucVus esa mudh lgk;rk djrs gSaA ifjokj vkSj iM+ksl dk izHkko de gks tkrk gS vkSj
O;fDr;ksa esa bl iz'u ij] fd O;ogkj djus dk ^lgh* rjhdk D;k gS] >xM+k gksrk gSA
2- dk;Z vkSj O;ogkj dh fo'ks"kKrk (Specialisation of function and behaviour): uxj dh tula[;k
dh fHkUurk vkSj mldk cM+k vkdkj fo'ks"kKrk osQ fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA pwafd uxj esa thou
osQ dbZ igyw gksrs gSa vkSj ,d O;fDr muesa ls dqN esa gh Hkkx ys ldrk gS rks og mis{kk'khy o
pquus&okyk (choosy) gks tkrk gS vksj osQoy dqN gh {ks=kksa esa #fp ysrk gSA dk;Z esa fo'ks"kKrk fHkUu
fHkUu thou osQ la:iksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] MkDVjksa] bathfu;jksa] O;kikfj;ksa] odhyksa]
iz'kkldksa] dkj[kkuksa osQ Jfedksa] vè;kidksa] ckcwvksa] vksj iqfyl dfeZ;ksa osQ fHkUu thou la:i] fHkUu

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