Page 279 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

bdkbZ—14% ledkyhu Hkkjr esas lkekftd ifjorZu

dqN fo}kuksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd vkS|ksxhdj.k ls Lor% gh tkfr O;oLFkk lekIr gks tk;sxh vkSj blosQ LFkku ij uksV
/hjs&/hjs oxZ O;oLFkk vk tk;sxh rks fd if'peh fodflr vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ,d lhek rd
;g vk'kk ,oa nwjn`f"V bl fo'okl ls iSnk gqbZ fd e'khuhdj.k rFkk mRiknu esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk iz;ksx lkekftd
ifjorZu dk ,d lzksr gSA ysfdu lkekftd ifjorZu ls lacaf/r ;g /kj.kk osQoy vkfFkZd ifjizs{; izLrqr djrh
gSA lkekftd ifjorZu dk lkekftd&lajpukRed rFkk tula[;kRed i{k Hkh gSA vkS|ksfxd lekt dk iw.kZ #is.k
cqf¼laxr (rational) lekt gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa tula[;k esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk] tula[;k dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls uxjh; {ks=kksa esa LFkkukUrj.k
(shift) Hkh gqvk gSA c<+rs gq;s uxjhdj.k ls vijk/ vkSj cky&vijk/] efnjkiku vkSj eknd oLrqvksa dk lsou]
vkokl dh deh] HkhM+&HkkM+ vkSj xanh cfLr;ka] csjksT+kxkjh vkSj fu/Zurk] iznw"k.k vkSj 'kksj] lapkj vkSj ;krk;kr
fu;U=k.k tSlh leL;k,sa mRiUu gqbZ gSaA ijUrq vxj uxj ruko vksj ncko osQ LFkku gSa rks os lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr
osQ osQUnz Hkh gSaA os lfØ; (active), izofrZrh; (innoative) vkSj ltho (alive) gSaA os ,d O;fDr dks viuh
vkdka{kkvksa dks izkIr djus osQ volj iznku djrs gSaA ;fn gekjs ns'k dk Hkfo"; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fodkl ls tqM+k
gS rks bruk gh og uxjksa vksj egkuxjksa osQ {ks=kksa osQ fodkl ls tqM+k gSA ijUrq bu leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus
ls igys gesa ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa dks le>kuk pkfg;sA

uxjh; uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjh;rk dh vo/kj.kk,¡
uxjh; (Urban)% ^uxjh; {ks=k* ;k ^uxj* D;k gS\ bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx nks vFkZ esa gksrk gS& tulakf[;dh; :i
esa (demographically) vkSj lektk'kkL=kh; :i esaA igys vFkZ esa tula[;k osQ vkdkj tula[;k dh l?kurk
(density), vkSj o;Ld iq#"kksa esa ls vf/dka'k osQ jkstxkj osQ Lo:i ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd nwljs vFkZ
esa fo"kerk (heterogeneity), voS;fDrdrk (impersonality), vU;ksU;kJ; (inter-dependence), vkSj thou
dh xq.koÙkk (quality of life) ij è;ku osQfUnzr jgrk gSA teZu lekt'kkL=kh Vksuht (1957) us xzkeh.k vksj uxjh;
leqnk;ksa esa fHkUurk lkekftd laca/ksa vkSj ewY;ksa osQ }kjk crkbZ gSA xzkeh.k xsfeu'ksÝV (Gemeinschaft) leqnk; og
gS ftlesa lkekftd cU/u dqVqEc vkSj fe=krk osQ fudV osQ O;fDrxr ca/uksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa vkSj ijEijk]
lkeatL; (consensus) vkSj vukSipkfjdrk ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA tcfd uxjh; xSfly'ksÝV (Gesellschaft) lekt
esa voS;fDrd vkSj f}rh;d laca/&iz/ku gksrs gS vksj O;fDr;ksa esa fopkjksa dk vknku&izknu vkSipkfjd] vuqcfU/r
vkSj fo'ks"k dk;Z ;k ukSdjh tks os djrs gSa mu ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA xSfly'ksÝV lekt esa mi;ksfxrkoknh (utilitarian)

y{;ksa vksj lkekftd laca/ksa osQ izfrLi¼kZ osQ Lo:i ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
eSDl oscj (1961% 381) vkSj tktZ fley (1950) tSls vU; lekt'kkL=kh;ksa us uxjh; okrkoj.k esa l?ku
vkoklh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ifjorZu esa rsth] vkSj voS;fDrd vUr%fØ;k (impersonal interaction) ij cy fn;k
gSA yqbZl oFkZ us dgk gS fd lekt'kkL=kh; mís';ksa ds fy, ,d uxj dh ;g dg dj ifjHkk"kk dh tk ldrh
gS fd og lkekftd :i ls iapesy@fo"ke:i (heterogeneous) O;fDr;ksa dh vis{kkd`r cM+h (relatively
large), l?ku (dense), vkSj vLFkkbZ cLrh (Settlement) gSA :Fk Xykl (1956) tSls fo}kuksa us uxj dks ftu
dkjdksa }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS os gSa tula[;k dk vkdkj] tula[;k dh l?kurk] izeq[k vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] iz'kklu
dh lkekU; jpuk] vkSj dqN lkekftd fo'ks"krk;saA
Hkkjr esa ^dLcs* (town) dh tux.kuk dh ifjHkk"kk 1950&51 rd yxHkx rd gh jgh_ ijUrq 1961 esa ,d ubZ
ifjHkk"kk viukbZ xbZA 1951 rd] ^dLcs* esa lfEefyr Fks% (i) edkuksa dk laxzg ftuesa de ls de 5]000 O;fDr
LFkkbZ :i ls fuokl djrs gSa] (ii) izR;sd E;qfuflisfyVh@dkiksZjs'ku@fdlh Hkh vkdkj dk vf/lwfpr {ks=k] vkSj (iii)
lc flfoy ykbusa tks E;wfufliy bdkbZ;ksa esa lfEefyr ugha gSaA bl izdkj dLcs dh ifjHkk"kk esa izeq[k iQksdl
tula[;k osQ vkdkj ij u gksdj iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ij vf/d FkkA 1961 esa fdlh LFkku dks dLck dgus osQ
fy;s dqN ekin.M yxk;s x;sA ;s Fks% (v) de ls de 5]000 dh tula[;k] (c) 1]000 O;fDr izfr oxZ ehy

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