Page 290 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

lkekftd lajpuk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu

uksV dks 'kh?kz gh ekywe gks tkrk gS fd Nr Vidrh gS] pwuk >M+rs yxkrk gS] nhokjksa esa njkjsa iM+ tkrh gSA vkSj fctyh
osQ lkT+k&lkeku (fittings) [kjkc gksus yxrs gSA bl izdkj osQ dk;ks± ls vkoklu eaMy vkSj os FkksM+s ls bZekunkj
viQlj] tks bl izdkj dh vkoklh; ifj;kstukvksa ls lEc¼ gksrs gSa] cnuke gks tkrs gSaA blfy;s dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd vkt Hkh 'kgjksa esa vkolh; leL;k osQoy jksVh vkSj diM+s osQ ckn lcls fodjky leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA
lkroha ;kstuk osQ izkjEHk esa edkuksa dh vuqekfur dh yxHkx 25-0 fefy;u bdkb;ka FkhA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 1990
rd ;g deh 9-7 fefy;u vkSj 1999 rd 18 fefy;u bdkb;ksa rd c<+ tkus dh laHkkouk FkhA vosQys nsgyh
esa] tgka 1957 vkSj 1998 osQ chp 2 fefy;u ls 11-2 fefy;u dh tula[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZ] izR;sd o"kZ 60]000
O;fDr;ksa dh o`f¼ gks tkrh gSa ftUgsa u;s vkokl iznku djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d ;w- ,u- vkbZ- dh jiV
osQ vuqlkj nsgyh dh tula[;k osQ yxHkx 70» O;fDr fuEuLrj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgrs gSaA ns'k dh xanh cfLr;ksa
dh 1998 esa yxHkx 50 fefy;u tula[;k FkhA blesa nsgyh esa mldh tula[;k osQ 44» xanh cfLr;ksa
(>qXxh&>ksiM+h) esa jgrs Fks] eqEcbZ dh >ksiM+iêðh o pky esa 45-0»] dydÙkk dh cfLr;ksa esa 42-0»] vkSj psUubZ
dh psjhT+k esa 39-0»A cSayksj] gSnjkckj] vgenkckn] dkuiqj] iq.ks] ukxiqj vkSj t;iqj osQ vkB vU; egkuxjksa esa
fLFkfr dksbZ blls vf/d vPNh ugha gSA ljdkjh iz;Ruksa osQ ckotwn xanh cLrh dh tula[;k dh vxys ik¡p o"kks±
esa (;kfu 2005 bZ- rd) cgqr vf/d c<+us dh laHkkouk gS vkSj blls vkoklh; leL;k vkSj xanxh vkSj c<+sxhA
vkckndkj (squatter) cfLr;ksa osQ fodkl dk Øe gS] O;fDr] Hkwfe (LFkku)] vkJe vkSj lsok;saA O;fDr lcls
izFke ,d ,slk LFkku pqurs gSA tks mudh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS] fiQj vkJ;
?kjksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj fiQj vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS] fiQj vkJ; ?kjksa dk fuekZ.k djrs
gSa vkSj fiQj dqN le; osQ O;rhr gksus osQ ckn osQ lsokvksa osQ vkus dh izrh{kk djrs gSa ;|fi cfLr;ka O;fDr;ksa
dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gSa] ijUrq os 'kgj dh ;kstuk osQ fu;eksa dks Hkax djrh gSaA blfy;s vc ;g
ekuk tkrk gS fd orZeku esa fodkl dk Øe gksuk pkfg;s% Hkwfe (LFkku)] O;fDr] vkJ; vkSj lsok;saA vc ljdkj
us xjhcksa dks de dher okys vukSipkfjd vkoklh; izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks viukus osQ fy;s izksR;kfgr djus osQ
vfrfjDr dbZ ;kstuk;sa Hkh cukbZ gSa vkSj vf/d vkSj vPNs edku cukus osQ fy;s izksR;kgu nsus osQ fy;s dbZ
fjvk;rsa nh gSaA buesa jk"Vªh; vkoklh; cSad dks 100 djksM+ #i;s dk ;ksxnku] 100 djksM+ #i;s osQ laxzg (corpus)
osQ lkFk ,d i`Fkd lkekftd lqj{kk dks"k (social security fund) dh LFkkiuk vkSj jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj
vuqlwfpr tutkfr foÙkh; vkSj fodkl fuxe dk xBu lfEefyr gSA

HkhM+&HkkM+ vkSj fuO;ZDrhdj.k (Crowding and Depersonalisation): HkhM+&HkkM+ (tula[;k dh l?kurk)
vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh nwljs O;fDr;ksa dh leL;vksa (ftuesa muosQ iM+ksfl;ksa dh leL;k,¡ lfEefyr gSa) osQ izfr
mnklhurk ,d nwljh leL;k gS tks 'kgjh thou esa mRiUu gks jgh gSa dqN ?kjksa esa bruh HkhM+&HkkM+ gS fd ikap
;k Ng O;fDr ,d dejs esa jgrs gSaA dqN 'kgjksa osQ vM+ksl&iM+ksl esa cgq vf/d HkhM+&HkkM+ gSA HkhM+&HkkM+ osQ
dbZ gkfudkjd izHkko gksrs gSaA ;g fopfyr O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsrh gS] chekfj;ka iQSykrh gS vkSj ekufld
chekfj;ksa] efnjkiku vkSj lkEiznkf;d naxksa osQ fy;s ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu djrh gSaA l?ku 'kgjh vkokl dk ,d
izHkko Hkko'kwU;rk vkSj mnklhurk gksrk gSA 'kgj esa jgus esa jgus okys nwljksa osQ ekeyksa esa my>uk ugha pkgrsA ;gka
rd fd O;fDr nq?kZVukxzLr gks tkrs gSa] rax fd;s tkrs gSa] mu ij vkØe.k fd;k tkrk gS] Hkxk;k tkrk gS vkSj
mudh gR;k rd dj nh tkrh gS vkSj ,sls le; esa vU; O;fDr osQoy [kM+s gq;s ns[krs jgrs gSaA

ty vkiwfrZ vkSj ty&fudkl (Water Supply and Drainage): ge ,sls pj.k ij igqap x;s gSa tgka ij
fdlh Hkh 'kgj esa pkSchl ?kaVs ikuh dh vkiwfrZ ugha gksrh gSA #d&#d dj vkiwfrZ djus ls [kkyh ikuh dh ykbuksa
esa fjDr LFkku (vacuum) mRiUu gks tkrk gS ftlls ykbuksa osQ fjlrs gq;s tksM+ (leaking joint) xans inkFkks±
(pollutants) dks [khap ysrs gSaA psUubZ] gSnjkckn] jktdksV] vtesj vkSj mn;iqj tSls 'kgjksa esa uxjikfydk;sa ,d
fnu esa ,d ?kaVs ls Hkh de ty vkiwfrZ djrh gSaA dbZ NksVs dLcksa esa izeq[k ty vkiwfrZ gksrh gh ugha gS vkSj
os V~;wc oSyksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA nsgyh tSls lqfu;ksftr vkSj lqO;ofLFkfr (serviced) 'kgj esa ty vkiwfrZ dh

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