Page 125 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI
P. 125
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb BØN
7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb
7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb
7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb
7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb
fJ;bkw d/ nkrwB B/ ns/ w[;fbw Pk;eK d/ ;zofynD ftu fte;s j' ojhnK w{osh g{ik fto'Xh gqftoshnK
B/ Gkos ftu pqkjwDtkd Bz{ ;[oZfyns nB[;oD d/ bJh fBoftxB BjhA ofjD fd~sk. t?;/ sK ;ZsthA Pskpdh
ftu th w[;bwkBK B/ Gkos ftu gqt/P d/ nB/e :sB ehs/ ;B, fezs{ 711^713 JhH g{ot d/ ;w/A ftu jh
w[jzwd^fpB^ekf;w f;zX ns/ w[bskB T[Zs/ fi~s gqkgs eo ;fenk. fco th, nop s'A nkJ/ w[;bwkB T[;
y/so ftu bzw/ ;w/A se nkgDk nfXeko Bk pDk e/ oy ;e/. fJ; d/ pknd wfjw{d }IBh B/ d;thA Pskpdh
(995^1030 JhH g{ot) ftu gzikp T[Zs/ fiZs gqkgs ehsh. gozs{ Gkos ftu w[;fbw ;kwoki dh ;EkgBk
1175 ftu wfjw{d r"oh d[nkok ehsh rJh. shj ;kbK d/ ;w/A ftu jh T[;B/ Gkos d/ nB/e Gkr fi~s bJ/
ns/ fJ; gqeko w[;fbw ekb dk nkozG j'fJnk. w[;fbw ekb ftu fGzB^fGzB tzPK (dynasties) ftu,
(noEks r[bkw tzP (1206^1290), fybih tzP (1290^1320), s[rbe tzP (1320^1412), ;Jhnd tzP
(1414^1451), b'Xh tzP (1451^1525) ns/ w[rb tzP (1526^1757) fi; ftu pkpo (1526^1530),
j[wK:{ (1530^1540) ns/ (1554^1555), nepo (1556^1605), ijKrho (1605^1627), PkjijK
(1627^1658), n"ozrI/p (1658^1707) ns/ T[; d/ T[sokfXekoh pjkdoPkj (1707^1857) d/ Pk;B ekb
Pkwb jB) iksh gqEk j'o th ;\s j' rJh feT[Afe w[;fbw buhb/ fjzd{ y/w/ ftu Bk ;wk ;e/. fJBQK dk
fJ;bkw Xow fJe/Ptotkdh (monotheistic) (:kBh fe fJj f;XKs fe f;o| fJe jh y[dk j?) j'D d/ ekoD
pj[d/ttkd (polytheism) d/ Bkb ;wM"sk Bk eo ;fenk. fJ; bJh fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw fJe d{i/ Bkb
x[b^fwb Bk ;e/. feT[Afe w[;bwkB B/ Gkos ftu fJe Xkofwe nzd'bB S/fVnk ns/ fjzd{nK B{z fJ;bkw
ngDkT[D ftu br rJ/, ;' pqkjwDK B/ fjzd{nK d/ Xow gfotosB dh fizw/tkoh Bz{ ;zGkbd/ j'J/ T[BQK T[Zs/
j'o ;\s pzXB brk fdZs/, fi; Bkb iksh^ftt;Ek j'o ;\s j' rJh. Gkt/A fJ; :[r ftu e[M Grs ;zsK
B/, fit/A, okwkB[i, epho, BkBe, u?sfBnk, s[ekokw, s[b;hdk;, Bkwd/t, nkfd, B/ Grsh dk okj
fdykfJnk, fi; ftu w{osh g{ik ns/ iksh gqEk dh fBzdk ehsh rJh ns/ gqkDh ;wkBsk dk T[gd/P fdZsk
frnk, fInkdk eow^eKv dk fto'X ehsk frnk, ns/ g[o'fjs tor d/ gqG{st dh fBzdk ehsh, fco th fJj
Grsh nzd'bB iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ ftxfNs Bk eo gkfJnk. fjzd{nK d/ Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie y/so ftu
pqkjwDK d/ gqG{st dk fJj ekoD fJj ;h fe wzdoK T[Zs/ fB:zsqD pqkjwDK d/ jZE ftu ;h ns/ wzfdo f;o|
g{ik nouBk d/ bJh jh T[g:'r BjhA j[zd/ ;B, pbfe T[j okiBhfse, ;K;feqfse ns/ f;fyne rshftXhnK
d/ th e/Ado ;B. pqkjwDK B/ iksh G/d Bz{ fJj x'PDk eoe/ j'o th fInkdk em'o pDk fdZsk fe w[;bwkBK
Bz{ ns/ T[BQK d/ bJh ezw eoB tkb/ ;ko/ fjzd{nK Bz{ ‘wb/S’ wzfBnK ikJ/rk. fJ; gqeko ;[Bko, b[jko, BkJh,
X'ph ns/ yksh nkfd ikshnK BhthAnK ikshnK wzBhnK ikD bZrhnK. g[okDK B{z d[pkok fbfynk frnk ns/
Bt/A nkd/P ikoh ehs/ rJ/, fi; Bkb iksh^ftt;Ek j'o th em'o pD rJh.
7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb
7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb
7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb
7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb
7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb
;skoQthA Pskpdh d/ nkozG ftu Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ w[rb Pk;eK Bkb tgko ;zpzXh e[M ftP/PfXeko
gqkgs eo bJ/ ;B. ibdh jh ezgBh B/ w[rb s/ wokfmnK d/ jZEK s'A ;Zsk th fyZu bJh ns/ fJ;
gqeko 1774 s'A fpqfNP ekb nkozG j' frnk ns/ tko/B j/f;zrN; Gkos d/ gfjb/ rtoBo iBob fB:[esh
ehs/ rJ/. fpqfNP Pk;B ekb ftu G"fse ftek;, P/P ftPt s'A ;kv/ ;zgoeK d/ i[VB, ;oeko dh
gqPk;B s/ ;wkfie^nkofEe BhshnK, ns/ e[M t?XkfBe T[gktK d/ ekoD ;kv/ Xkofwe ftukoK, gqEktK
ns/ ;wki dh iksh ;zouBk T[Zs/ th pj[s gqGkt fgnk. nzrq/IK B/ iksh gzukfJsK d/ dzvBhn nfXekoK
Bz{ dhtkBh s/ c"idkoh ndkbsK Bz{ ;"Ag fdZsk, fi; d/ ekoB gzukfJsK d/ nfXeko s/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ fB:zsqD
T[Zs/ pj[s gqGkt fgnk. 1850 d// iksh fBo:'rsk T[Bw{bB nfXfB:w (Cast Disabilities Removal
Act, 1850), 1856 d/ ftXtk g[Boftnkj nfXfB:w ns/ 1872 d/ ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w nkfd B/
iksh ftt;Ek B{z rfjoh ;ZN gj[zukJh. e[M ;wkfie T[gktK d[nkok BhthA ikshnK dh e[M fBo:'rsktK
Bz{ ysw eoe/ nzrq/iK B/ iksh ftt;Ek T[Zs/ j'o tko ehsk. gozs{ fpqfNP ;oeko B/ ;ko/ edw gqPk;B
dh fdqPNh s'A uZ[e/ ;B, Bk fe iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ysw eoB d/ bJh. X[foJ/ (1961:190) B/ th fbfynk
j? fe fpqfNP ;oeko d/ nfXeko ezw gqPk;B dh fdqPNh s'A ehs/ rJ/ ;B, Bk fe iksh dh em'osktK
Bz{ ysw eoB d/ bJh.
119
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY