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;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN toswkB o{g ftu th w"i{d ;h. BhthA iksh d/ b'e gqw[Zy p;shnK d/ pkjo jh ofjzd/ ;B ns/ p;shnK
ftu gqt/P eod/ ;w/A bZeVh ibk fbnk eod/ ;B sK fe b'e T[BQK d/ nkrwB s'A ;{fus j' ikD ns/ T[BQK
d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[D s'A pu ;eD.
7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb
7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb
7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb
7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb
7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb
r[gs ;kwoki d/ gsB d/ gPuks T[Zso Gkos fco s'A S'N/^S'N/ okiK ftu tzv frnk ns/ nkrkwh 50
;kbK ftu S'N/^S'N/ okiK dk T[d/ j' frnk. gozs{ joP toXB d/ ;w/A ftu S'Nh fJekJhnK e/Adoh
nfXeko ftu nk rJhnK ns/ Gkos ftu okiBhfse J/esk w[V ;Ekgs j' rJh. ;' r[gs ekb dh GKsh
jh fJ; ekb ftu th iksh^ftt;Ek dh T[jh ;zouBk pDh ojh. fJ; ekb d/ Gkos dh nkofEe, ;wkfie
ns/ Xkofwe dPktK dk ft;fsqs fttoD ;kBz{ uhBh :ksoh fjT{B ;Kr (Hieuntsang) d/ b/yK ftu
fwbdk j? i' 630 JhH g{ot ftu Gkos x[zwD bJh nkfJnk ;h ns/ 643 JhH g{ot se fJE/ fojk. T[j
fbydk j? fe d/P ftu pqkjwDK dk tou;t ;h, ;wkfie ;zouBk dk ;zukbB iksh Bkb j[zdk ;h, ns/
i' n;t~S (unclean) feZsk eoB tkb/ ftnesh fit/A e;kJh, wS{nko/, Gzrh j[zd/ ;B, T[BQK Bz{ Bro
dh uko dhtkoh s'A pkjo ofjDk g?Adk ;h.
7H1H6 okig{s ekb
7H1H6 okig{s ekb
7H1H6 okig{s ekb
7H1H6 okig{s ekb
7H1H6 okig{s ekb
wZX ekb ftu okig{s ns/ w[;fbw ekb Pkwb jB. ;ZsthA Pskpdh d/ wZX ftu joP toXB dh w"s d/
Bkb jh gqkuhB fjzd{ ekb ;wkgs j'fJnk ns/ fJfsjk; dk wZXekb nkozG j'fJnk. Gkos fco s'A S'N/^S'N/
okiK ftu tzfvnk frnk ns/ jo/e oki T[Zs/ fJe okig{s Pk;e fpokiwkB j' frnk. fJ; gqeko fJj ekb
(;ZsthA Pskpdh d/ wZX s'A pkoQthA Pskpdh d/ nzs se) T[Zso Gkos ftu okig{s Pesh dk T[d/ ns/ T[EkB
do;kT[Adk j?.
fjzd{nK ftu ;K;feqfse ihtB okig{s ekb d/ nkozG ftu, noEks fJ;bkw d/ nkrwB s'A g{ot, gqkuhB
ekb d/ nzs ftu, :kBh fe joP toXB ekb s'A, fGzB BjhA ;h. fJ; ekb dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts
eoB tkbk ;G s'A wjZstg{oB ns/ T[b/yBh s~E fJj ;h fe d/P pkjoh \sfonK s'A w[es fojk ns/ ;ko/
ftPt s'A, ftP/P eoe/ gV';h d/PK — fit/A uhB, iktk ns/ ;[wksok — s'A nb~r^Eb~r fojk. bzw/ ;w/A
se ftPt dk e'Jh d/P ftPt ftu fJzBK eZfNnk j'fJnk BjhA fojk fizBK 500 ;kbK se Gkos eZfNnk fojk.
fJ; d/ d{orkwh gqGkt j'J/. Gkosh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftu gfotosB BjhA nkfJnk, ;wki ;fEo j' frnk
ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek ftu em'osktK tX rJhnK. pqkjwDK B/ pj[s fInkdk ftP/PfXeko gqkgs eo bJ/ ns/
g{ik^nouBk ftu wk;, Pokp ns/ fJ;sqh gq:'r dh nkfrnk th gqdkB ehsh rJh. Pzeokukohnk d[nkok
;Ekgs ‘wm’ ftbk;h ihtB d/ e/Ado pD rJ/. d/tdk;h gqEk B/ wzfdo ^ t?fPnkftqsh d/ ftek; s'A T[sPkfjs
ehsk fi; Bkb B?fse ;zfjsk dk gsB j'D bZrk. okig{s tzP d/ gqsh fBPmktkB ;B ns/ tzP d/ ;BwkB
d/ bJh :[ZX G{wh ftu fwqs{ B{z gqkgs eoBk ftneshrs fi~s ;wMd/ ;B. nkgD/ tzP ns/ T[; d/ w[yhnk
d/ gqsh fBPmk B/ okig{sK Bz{ ;zg{oB Gkos d/ fjsK d/ gqsh T[dk;hB pDk fdZsk. Bshi/ ti'A id edh ftd/
Ph ;?BktK B/ Gkos T[Zs/ jwbk ehsk, T[BQK dk ;kjwDk fJe o{g ftu ehsk frnk, fi; ftu fJ~e^fJ~e tzP
jh T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ frnk i' d/P d/ bJh nfsnzs xkse f;~X j'fJnk. fJ; ;fEsh ftu pj[s frDsh ftu
BthnK ikshnK ns/ T[g ikshnK dk T[d/ j'fJnk. pqkjwDK B/ iksh gqshpzXK B{z j'o th e; fdZsk ns/ ;zxK
dh tXdh j'Jh em'osk Bkb nkgD/ pukn ftu br rJ/. ;zGt s"o s/ ftxNB dh gqfeqnk pqkjwD iksh s'A
jh nkozG j'Jh. gqkuhB fort/dh ns/ :i[ot/dh pqkjwDK d/ nbktk T[BQK dhnK T[g ikshnK ftu tkXk j'D
brk ns/ T[j nkgDh y/soh jZdK s'A gSkD pDkT[D br/, fit/A eB"ihnk pqkjwD, e'AeDh pqkjwD, s/br{
pqkjwD, nkfd. fJ; gqeko yZsohnK ns/ t?PK ftu th tzv nkozG j' rJh. T[fus nzsokb ftu tZvh frDsh
ftu ftt;kfJe ikshnK fiBQK dk nkozG ftu f;o| ftt;kfJe ;zxK (guilds) d/ o{g ftu T[d/ j'fJnk ;h,
;gPN o{g Bkb ikshnK s/ T[g ikshnK ;wMhnK ikD bZrhnK, fit/A i[bkj/, b[jko, soykD, ebkb,
wS{nko/, rtkb/. jo/e iksh s/ T[giksh dh BIo feT[Afe nkgD/ jh fjsK se ;hws ojh, fJ; bJh
d/P dk okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie ihtB p[oh soQK gqGkts j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko w[;bwkBK d/ nkrwB s'A gfjbK
jh ;kv/ d/P ftu ikshnK dh pj[bsk s/ iksh fB:wK d/ em'o gkbB d/ o{g ftu ;kvh ;wkfie ;zouBk ftu
tZvk gfotosB nk frnk ;h.
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