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fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fttjko ns/ ;zpzXK dh ;zfjsk T[Zs/ gqekP gkfJnk frnk. ;' fJj fejk ik ;edk j? iksh ftt;Ek dk nkozG BØN
fpzd{ t?fde ekb dk nzfsw uoD ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ;h. feT[Afe ;wkfie g~XoheoD (stratification)
dk nkXko Pqw^ftGkiB ;h. fJ; bJh w{b o{g ftu iksh ftt;Ek dh ng/ePk tor ftt;Ek ;h.
B'N; iksh^ftt;Ek dh ouBk ftu gqiksh (racial) ekoe, ftt;kfJe g{otkrqfj, eow dk
doPB, ns/ gft~sosk s/ ngft~sosk dh Xkofwe ftukoXkok, ;kfonK B/ fwb e/ :'rdkB
ehsk j?.
7H1H3 w"fonk ekb
7H1H3 w"fonk ekb
7H1H3 w"fonk ekb
7H1H3 w"fonk ekb
7H1H3 w"fonk ekb
322 JhH g{ot ftu Bzd tzP d/ gsB d/ pknd w"fonk ekb nkozG j'fJnk. fJ; ekb d/ d' gqw[Zy Pk;e
;B, uzdor[gs w"fonk ns/ nP'e. fJ; ekb ftu fJj ;G s'A gfjbK nt;o ;h id fe ;zg{oB Gkos
okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb fJe j'fJnk ;h ns/ fJe ftnesh d/ Pk;B ftu nkfJnk ;h. okiBhfse J/esk
d/ cb;o{g d/P ftu ;K;feqfse J/esk dk T[d/ j'fJnk. e'fNfbnk dh g[;se ns/ b/eK s'A fJ; ekb ftu
;wkfie ;zrmB ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek dh ekoi gqDkbh dk e[M frnk j[zdk j?. e'fNfbnk i' fe fJe pqkjwD
ns/ uzdor[gs w"fonk — fJe P{do — dk wzsoh ;h, B/ x'PDk eotkJh fe Pk;B d/ ekBz{B Xow ekBz{B
s'A T[Zs/ j'Dr/ ns/ fJ; gqeko T[;B/ T[BQK gqfspzXK Bz{ P{doK d/ T[Zs'A jNtkT[D dk isB ehsk i' pqkjwDK d[nkok
T[BQK T[Zs/ E'g/ rJ/ ;B. uzdor[gs w"fonk d/ g'so/ nP'e d/ ;w/A ftu pqkjwDK d/ ftP/PfXekoK ns/ nfXekoK
Bz{ j'o ;ZN bZrh. nP'e dh Xkofwe Bhsh w[Zy o{g Bkb ;kotG"fwe GkJhukok (universal brotherhood)
ns/ ;fjDPhbsk (toleration) T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;h. fi; ftu iksh pzXBK iK G{r'fbe o[ektNK dk e'Jh ;EkB
BjhA ;h. fJ; ekb ftu t?fde ;z;eko g[~N ;[ZN/ rJ/ ;B ns/ gP{ pbh T[Zs/ o'e brk fdZsh rJh ;h. fJBQK
T[gktK d/ ekoD, fJ; ekb ftu iksh^ftt;Ek fJe e~No ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftu ftek; BjhA eo ;eh.
7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb
7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb
7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb
7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb
7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb
nzfsw w"fonk Pk;B nkgD/ jh pqkjwD ;?Bkgsh g[fPnfwZso ;[zrk d[nkok wko fdZsk frnk ;h i' 184 JhH
g{ot ftu nkg Pk;e pD frnk. T[; B/ ;[zrk tzP dh ;EkgBk ehsh fi; B/ 112 ;kbK se Pk;B ehsk.
g[fPnfwZso pqkjwDtkd dk gqpb ;woEe ns/ ;ozfyne ;h, fi; ekoD PeshPkbh s/ bVke{ pqkjwD
gqshfeqnk T[; d/ Pk;B dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk pD rJh. ;' ;z[rk, eBt ns/ e[PkD okfinK d/ ;zofynD ftZu
pqkjwD Xow d/ g[BoikroD (revival) ns/ iksh&ftt;Ek d/ ftek; Bz{ g/qoDk gqdkB ehsh rJh. ‘wzBz{
f;fwqsh’ ftu T[b/y j? fe T[j P{do i' dfti dk ngwkB eod j? T[; dh ihG eZN bJh ikDh ukjhdh,
i/eo T[j fe;/ dfti d/ Bkw iK iksh dk fso;eko Bkb T[b/y eodk j?, sd d; T[Arbh d/ pokpo bzwh
fJe feZb T[; d/ wz{j ftu gk d/Dh ukjhdh j?, i/eo T[j nfGwkBtP pqkjwDK Bz{ T[BQK dk coI dZ;dk j?,
sd okik T[; d/ wz{j ns/ ezBK ftu T[pbdk j'fJnk s/b gtk d/t/rk. i/eo okik XB d/ nGkt ekoB fwqs{
dh nt;Ek ftu jz[dk j? sd th T[j t/d gkozrs pqkjwD T[Zs/ fe;h gqeko dk eo BjhA brkJ/rk. fJ; gqeko
d/ T[b/yK s'A ekBz{Bh ;wkBsk fpbe[b ;wkgs j' rJh ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek eZNo ftt;Ek d/ o{g ftu ;Ekgs
j' rJh ns/ T[; dk fJe BtK YKuk gqrN j' frnk.
Gkt/A pqkjwDtkd dh w[V ;EkgBk dh BhAj ;[zrk, eBt ns/ e[PkD tzPK ftu oZyh rJh gozs{ fJ; :EkoE
ftek; r[gs ekb ftu j'fJnk, fi; Bz{ fjzd{ g[BoikroD dk ;toD :[r fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ekb ftu
pqkjwDtkd jh fBoikshJ/ (ethnic) Xow j' frnk ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ fJe BtK ihtB fwfbnk. fco
th, iksh^ftt;Ek dk fJzBk em'o ;o{g fJ; ekb ftu d/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbdk j? fizBk fe nzso ftnkj, nzso
G'i ns/ XzfdnK d/ ;zzdoG ftu, w[;fbw ns/ fpqfNP ekb ftu d/fynk iKdk j?. ftnkj fB:w e[M buhb/
;B ns/ ftfGzB ikshnK ftu th gko;gfoe ftnkj j[zd/ ;B. g{ot fJfsjk;e ftuko fe P{do Bz{ dfti
dh ;/tk s'A jh ;zs[PN ofjDk ukjhdk, Bk sK f;XKs o{g ftu ;theko ehsk frnk. Bk jh fttjko ftu gkbB
ehsk frnk. fJ; ekb ftu P{doK B{z fe;kB, tgkoh ns/ d;seko pDB dh nkfrnk ;h. S{nk^S{s brGr
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