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fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK
• iksh ns/ okiBhsh fJe d{i/ B{z gqGkts eoB br/ jB. BØN
• fJe gk;/ fi~E/ e[M iksh ;zrmB wIp{s j'J/ jB, d{i/ gk;/ t~vh frDsh ftu ikshnK B/ ;w{fje J/esk ns/
fizw/tkoh dh GktBk Bz{ r[nk fdZsk j?.
• iksh j[D okPNo d/ ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gqrsh ftu pkXe BjhA jB. iksh^ftt;Ek d/ pkti{d th Gkos
rshwkB j?.

7H3 iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy (Future fo Case System)
7H3
7H3 iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy
7H3 iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy
iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy
7H3
iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy
iksh^ftt;Ek dh geV fYZbh j'D/ d/ e'Jh ;ze/s BjhA jB. ftfGzB ikshnK d/ T[Zs/ T[ZmD s/ ;wkfie gqshPmk
gqkgs eoB d/ fdqPNhe'D ftu gfotosB nt~P nkfJnk j?. iksh^ftt;Ek ftu gfotosB fBozso ns/
fB:fws o{g Bkb j' oj/ jB, gozs{ ;ko/ ftjkoe T[d/P d/ bJh iksh ftt;Ek fiT[A dh fsT[A pDh j'Jh j?.
fJ; Bz{ Gzr eoB dh fdPk ftu gfotosB BjhA j' gk fojk j?. eJh ikshnK ftu'A fJe gqeko dh
tor^u/sBk dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?. nzso;w{j dh GktBk s'A gq/fos j'e/ T[j iksh ftt;Ek ƒ j'o th e~; e/ cV/
j'J/ jB. nZieb iksh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;wkfie, nkofEe, ns/ okiBhfse T[d/PK dh g{osh d/ bJh ;zrfms
eoB d/ gq:sB ftu ;zbrB j?. iksh nkXko T[Zs/ u'DK bVhnK ik ojhnK jB. j[D iksh ;zrmB th j?,
fit/A nfyb Gkosh yZsoh wjk;gk, nfyb Gkosh wkE[o ;zx, nfyb Gkosh Gkort ;zrmB nkfd.

iksh ftt;Ek d/ GftZy d/ ftP/ ftu gqrshPhb fjzd{ fszB fdqPNhe'D gq;s[s eod/ jB—
1H nfij/ b'e jB i' iksh Bz{ p[okJh wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; dh ;wkgsh ukj[zd/ jB.
2H d{i/ T[j jB i' fJj ;'ud/ jB fe iksh dk gsB j' uZ[fenk j? ns/ gozgokrs uko ftt;EktK
(orders) Bz{ g[Bo ;Ekgs eoB dh io{os j?. fJ; ftukoXkok d/ gqpb ;woZE wjkswk rKXh ;B.
3H nfij/ b'e th jB i' iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ikoh oyDk ukjz[d/ jB gozs{ fpbe[b nbr Yzr Bkb fJ; Bz{
w[V ;Ekgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. fJj b'e T[BQK ftfGzB T[gikshnK Bz{ fwbkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB fiBQK ftu
nkofEe ;wkBsk ns/ ;K;feqfse J/esk ftdwkB j?. j'bh^j'bh T[j ikshnK i' brGr fJe jh fijh
nkXko ns/ ftP/PsktK tkbh j'DrhnK T[j fJe j' ikDrhnK ns/ nzs ftu iksh^ftjhB ;wki dh
;EkgBk j' ikJ/rh. fJj b'e ukj[zd/ jB fe fJ; gqfeqnk dh rsh ;fji/ j'Dh ukjhdh j? feT[Afe fJj
ftneshnK B{z f;fynk d/ bJh :E/Pm ;wK gqdkB eo/rh ns/ T[BQK ikshnK$torK d/ wB Bz{ wkBf;e
;wk:'iB d[nkok gfotosB d/ bJh fsnko eo/rh i' nkgD/ :[rK g[okD/ ohsh^fotkiK ftu gfotosB
BjhA ukj[zd/ jB.
J/Hi/HJ/H NkJ/Bph (A.J. Toynbee), NhHn?uH wkoPb (T.H. Marshall), ghHe'dKdk okt (P.K. Kodanda
Rao), nkfd tor/ ftdtkBK B/ fJBQK fszBK ftukoXkoktK dk w[bKeD ehsk j?. rKXh ih d/ ftukoK dk ftt/
uB eod/ j'J/ T[j wzBd/ jB fe fJj nftjkoe j? feT[Afe uko ftt;EktK ftu'A ftneshnK Bz{ fJe ftt;Ek
ftu oZyD d/ bJh T[j feZsk io{oh j? fi; dk gkbB T[j eo oj/ jB. nZi d/ ;wki ftu Xzd/$feZs/ fJzB/
ftfPPN ns/ eJh gqeko d/ jB. ns/ fJe jh gfotko d/ w?Apo nbZr^nbZr XzfdnK ftu br/ j[zd/ jB
fe T[BQK fJe ftt;Ek dh w?ApofPg gqdkB eoBk n;zGt j?. d{i/ i/eo fJj ftt;Ek ikshnK Bz{ fszB
ftt;EktK ftu'A fe;h fJe ftu oyDk ;zGt th j't/ sK nS{s ikshnK dk eh j't/rk< rKXh ih B/, i' fe
nS{s ftt;Ek d/ fto'Xh ;B, fJBQK ikshnK d/ bJh ;BwkBiBe g~Xo dk gq;skt ehsk. gozs{ fJj ;G
T[BQK Bz{ (nS{s ikshnK Bz{) feE'A T[gbpX j'Dk j?< fi; ftt;Ek ftu th T[BQK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ikt/rk, T[E'A
jh T[BQK d/ fto[ZX ;[o T[ZmDr/. shi/, wzB fbnk ikt/ fe uko ftt;Ek tkbk torheoD ;zGt th j' ikJ/
sK eh n;hA fJBQK ukoK ftt;EktK d/ ft~u ftnkj ;zpzXK dh nkfrnk d/Dr/ iK fBP/X eoBr/< eh n;hA G'i
;zpzX gqshpzXK Bz{{ ikoh oZyDr/< d'tK dh jh nkgDh ;wZf;nktK j'DrhnK. ;' fJj Bshi/ ti'A fejk ik ;edk
j? fe ;wki dh uko ftt;EktK ftu ftGkiB dh tkg;h nftjkoe j?, ns/ i/eo fJ; Bz{ bkr{ th eo fbnk
ikt/ sd th fJ; s' fe;h bkG tkbh T/[d/P dh g{osh Bk j' ;e/rh.
i/eo d{ik fdqPNhe'D fbnk ikt/ fe T[gikshnK Bz{ fwbk e/ tZvh iksh ftu Pkwb eo iksh dk j'bh^j'bh
ysw eo fdZsk ikt/ sK ftdtkBK dk efjDk j? fe nfijk eoBk ;jh ;wZf;nk Bz{ r[nk d/Dk j?. pzpJh ftu

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