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;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
          ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
          ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
          ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
          ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
                     BØN                n"osK d/ dwB ns/ P'PD Bz{ u[B"sh BjhA fd~sh j?. g[oP^fJ;soh ;zpzX fB:zsoD^fB:zsfos ;zpzX
                                        d/ o{g ft~u pD/ j'J/ jB. fJ; bJh n~i th iksh, tor ns/ g[oP^n"os ;zpzXK ftueko fBeN dk
                                        pzXB j?. fco th fgSb/ e[M ;kbK ft~u n"osK d[nkok ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB dh fJ~Sk t~v/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/
                                        gqrN ehsh rJh j?. wjKBroK ns/ t~v/ PfjoK ft~u fJ; dk w{os gqGkt th fgnk j?. fJ; ;wkfie
                                        y/so ft~u j'o th pj[s ezw eoD dh Io{os j?.

                                   9H6 Ppde'P
                                   9H6 Ppde'P
                                   9H6 Ppde'P
                                   9H6 Ppde'P  (Keywords)
                                   9H6 Ppde'P
                                       nkswktw[bnB^
                                       nkswktw[bnB^
                                       nkswktw[bnB^nkgDk ntw{bB eoBk.
                                       nkswktw[bnB^
                                   •   nkswktw[bnB^
                                       ntwkBBk^
                                   •   ntwkBBk^
                                       ntwkBBk^ntfrnk, ngwkB, fso;eko.
                                       ntwkBBk^
                                       ntwkBBk^
                                       T[gPwB^
                                       T[gPwB^
                                   •   T[gPwB^
                                       T[gPwB^
                                       T[gPwB^PKs eoBk, PKs j'Dk, fBtkoD.
                                       gokB[G{sh^
                                   •   gokB[G{sh^
                                       gokB[G{sh^d{i/ dh nB[G{sh.
                                       gokB[G{sh^
                                       gokB[G{sh^
                                   9H7 nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H7 nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H7 nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H7 nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H7 nfGnk; gqPB  (Review Questions)
                                   1H  Gkos ft~u fbzr^G/d dh ;fEsh dk ftt/uB eo'.
                                   2H gqkuhB Gkos ft~u n"osK dh ;fEsh dk ;zy/g toDB eo'.
                                   3H Gkos ft~u n"osK dh eh ;fEsh j?< ft;sko ;fjs ftnkfynk eo'.
                                   4H n"osK d/ fto[~X j'D tkbh fjz;k dk toDB eo'.
                                   5H n"osK dh g[oPK Bkb ;wkBsk dh y'i s'A s[jkvk eh wsbp j?<
                                   6H n"osK dh ;fEsh Bz{ T[Zuk eoD ft~u fJ;soh ;zrmBK ns/ ;wkfie nzd'bBK B/ fe; gqeko dk :'rdkB
                                       fd~sk j?<
                                   7H Gkos ft~u P'PD ns/ dwB s'A n"osK Bz{ w[es eotkUD bJh ssekfbe T[gkfJnK dk toDB eo'.
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD  (Answers: Self Assessment)
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   1.      (i) (b)              (ii) (c)              (iii) (a)     (iv) (c)
                                   2.      (i) fBoze[P nfXgfsn  (ii)  wfjbk ;zrmBK                  (iii) p/s/Jh
                                         (iv)  G{fwek           (v) fJfsjk;e s~E
                                   3.       (i)          (ii)          (iii)          (iv)           (v)
                                   9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK  (Further Readings)
                                   9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK
                                      p[e;   1H  n?wH n?B PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkovoB fJzvhnk, fpqeb/ :{Bhtof;Nh nkc e?bhc'oBhnk
                                                 :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1996 .
                                             2H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1970 .
                                             3H ;hH NhH yzBk, fJzNo ek;N n?Av fJzNo efwT{fBNh w?foi fJB fJzvhnk, gkg[bo p[e
                                                 fvg', pKp/, 1960 .












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