Page 182 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN fJ;d/ T[bN nkX[fBe ;wki T[j jB fi; ftu (i) ;wki ftu ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh T[;dh nkg dh :'rsk
ns/ ;woEk s'A fBoXkos j[zdh j?l (ii) ftnesh dk ftT[jko fotkiK dh ng/ePk ekBz{B Bkb fInkdk fBnzfsqs
j[zdk j?l (iii) ;wkfie ;zouBk dk nkXko ;wkBsk j[zdk j?l (iv) d{ik ;zpzX gqkEfwe ;zpzXK s'A fInkdk
wj~stg{oB j[zd/ jBl (v) b'e BthBsk ftu ftPtk; eod/ jBl (vi) noE ftnt;Ek ifNb seBhe T[s/
nkXkos j[zdh j?l ns/ (vii) ;wki ftu sofee ftukoK dk p'bpkbk j[zdk j?.
sd eh fJ; dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe gozgoktkd ns/ nkX[fBesk d' uow j~dK jB ns/ fJj d't/A fJe ;kE
BjhA ub ;edhnK< :'r/Ado f;zx ns/ n?;H;hH d{p/ tor/ ftdtkBK dk ftuko j? fe d'tK dk ;fj^j'Ad j' ;edh
j? gozgoktkd Bz{ ;thekoB dk fJj noE BjhA fe nkX[fBesk Bz{ n;theko eo fdsk iKdk j?. fJ;dk nk;kB
fijk noE j?, nkX[fBesk dh PeshnK T[s/ fBnzsqD. fJ;/ gqeko nkX[fBesk Bz{ ;theko eoB dk fJj noE
BjhA j? fe gozgoktkd B{z g{oD o{g/D gqekoikswe wzfBnk ikt/. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ nkXko T[s/ ;kBz{ fJj
gsk brkT[Dk j? fe fe; jZd se Gkosh ;wki gozgokrs ns/ fe; jZd se fJj nkX[fBe j' frnk j?.
fJj efjDk rbs Bk j't/rk fe Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh jh nfijh j? fe fJ; ftu nkX[fBe
s/ gozgok dk skbw/b ;gPN fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJe gk;/ sK n;hA T[BQK ftPtk;K, gqEktK ns/ ;z;EktK dh
T[g/ePk ehsh j?. fiBQK dh io{os nB[Gt BjhA ehsh rJh, sK d{i/ gk;/ n;hA T[BQK edoK^ehwsK Bz{
ngDkfJnk j? fiBQK Bz{ n;hA nkgD/ w"fbe T[d/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ;wfMnk j?.

fpqfNP ekb dh s[bBk ftu, ftneshrs ;[szsosk fInkdk j?, ;wkfie g?wkB/ ftu so~eh d/ nkXko d/
fInkdk nt;o gqkgs jB, n;hA gozgokrs ;wkfie gqEktK Bz{ S~vD ftu ns/ BthA ;z;Ekswe ;zouBktK
d/ fBowkD ftu fInkdk ftt/eh j' rJ/ jB, rohph dh o/yk s'A EZb/ ofjD tkb/ b'eK dh ;zfynk ftu ewh
j'Jh j?, rDszso pDB d/ pknd fgSb/ utkbQh ;kbK ftu gaqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftu 92# dk tkXk j'fJnk
j?l ns/ fgSV/ ns/ BhthA iksh d/ b'eK d/ bJh T[Zu ;wkfie ;fEsh dh T[gbpXh j[D e'Jh Gqw BjhA ofj
frnk j?.
;zskbh ;kbK ftu Gkos dh noE ftnt;Ek ftu jo ;kb 3H5# d/ tkX/, gqsh ftnesh jo ;kb nkwdB
ftu 1H4 d/ tkX/, y/sh ftu 2H7# d/ tkX/ ns/ T[fd:'fre ftek; ftu 1H0# dk tkXk j'fJnk j?. d{i/ gk;/
w[dqk ;chsh do 9H8 ojh j?, e[b eoI dh okPh d/ d/Ddkoh (1993 ftu) 2H66 bZy eo'V o[gJ/ jB, fBo:ks
xN j' frnk j?, g/Av{ y/soK ftu brGr 32# b'e ns/ Pfjoh y/soK ftu 15# b'e rohph dh o/yk s'A EZb/
ofj oj/ jB. ftPt d/ e[b rohpK dh ;zfynk dk 34H2# Gkos ftu ofjzd/ jB.

eh n;hA ;zgodkfJe GkJhukok gqkgs eo fbnk j?< eh n;hA fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g[oPK dh ;wkBsk T[s/ b? nkJ/
jK< eh n;hA nS{sK dh ;fEsh ftu ;[Xko eo ;e/ jK< eh n;hA ftfGzB torK ftu'A T[g/ePk dh GktBk
Bz{ e~Y ;eD ftu ;woE eo ;e/ jK< fit/A fe;kB, T[fd:'fre wid{o, fdjkVh wid{oh G'rh, nkfd< eh
n;hA ;zgsh d/ ftP/PfXekoK Bz{ Bht/A tor d/ b'eK d/ gZy ftu fbnkT[D ftu ;woE j' ;e/ jK< eh n;hA
;wsktkdh ;wki j'D dk dktk eo ;ed/ jK<

ftfdwkB pj[s n;zs'y ;kv/ ;wki ftu nB/e tXd/ j'J/ fto'XkGk;K (Contradictions) dk Bshik j?. e[M
gqw[Zy fto'XkGk; fJ; gqeko jBL ;kvhnK G{fwektK sK nkX[fBe j' rJhnK jB gozs{ ;kvhnK edoK^ehwsK
ni/ th gozgokrs jBl n;hA ;wsktkd (Calitarianism) doPkT[Ad/ jK fezs{ n;hA G/d^Gkt
(Discrimination) dk ftT[jko eod/ jKl ;kvhnK nkeKPktK pj[s T[ZuhnK j' rJhnK jB fezs{ T[BQK dh
gqkgsh d/ ;kXB iK sK T[gbpX BjhA jB iK gj[zu s'A pkjo jBl n;hA okPNotkd dh rZb sK eod/ jK gozs{
n;hA y/sotkd Bz{ gq's;kjB fdzd/ jKl n;hA dktk eod/ jK fe ;kvk rDszso ;wkBsk fbnkT[D d/ bJh
;wofgs j? fezs{ fJj iksh ftnt;Ek d/ fPezi/ ftu iefVnk j'fJnk j?l n;hA soePhb j'D dk dktk eod/
jK fezs{ n;hA nfBnK s/ gZygks Bz{ th ;[Gkrtkdh GktBk Bkb ;theko eod/ jKl n;hA ftneshtkd dk
;woED eod/ jK gozs{ n;hA ;w{jtkd Bz{ bkr{ eod/ jKl n;hA nkdoPtkdh ;z;feqsh dk T[d/P pDkT[Ad/ jK
goz{ n;hA G"fse ;z;feqsh d/ g~yXo jKl nB/e Bt/A ekBz{B bkr{ ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ g[okD/ ekBz{BK ftu
;[Xko$;zP'XB ehs/ ik oj/ jB gozs{ fJj ekBz{B fe;/ Bz{ bkG BjhA gj[zukT[Ad/, f;oc tehb jh T[; Bkb bkG
gqkgs eod/ jB. ftXkB nB/e jB fezs{ fBnK pj[s x~N, g'qrokw s/ ;oekoh eowukoh nB/e jB fezs{ iB
;/tk x~N, nB/e :'iBktK jB fezs{ efbnkD x~N, ;oekoh szso fInkdk j? ns/ gqPk;B x~N j?.

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