Page 187 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

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;[szsosk d/ pknd Gkos ;oeko B/ ;zB 1950 ftu ;ko/ okiK ns/ e/Adoh :'iBktK ftu skbw/b fpmkT[D BØN
d/ T[d/P Bkb :'iBk nk:'r dh fB:[esh ehsh. fJj nk:'r (i) gqkEfwesktK Bz{ fBPfus eoB (ii) d/P
d/ ;z;kXBK d/ ;zs[fbs fB:'iB d/ bJh (iii) d/P d/ G"fse, g{zih ns/ wkBt ;z;kXBK dk w[bKeD eoB (iv)
;w/A^;w/A T[s/ gqrsh dk w[bKeD ns/ d[pkok ;wk:'iB dh f;ckoP eoB (v) T[BQK ekoeK dk gsk brkT[D
d/ bJh i' nkofEe gqrsh ftu o[ektN gkT[Ad/ jB, nkfd ezw eoB d/ bJh ;h.
nkgD/ nkozG j'D Bkb j[D se :'iBk nk:'r B/ n~m gzi ;kbk :'iBktK fsnko ehshnK jB ns/ jo/e :'iBk
ftP/P T[d/P T[s/ e/Afdqs ehsh rJh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, ngq?b, 1951 ftu id gfjbh gzi ;kbk :'iBk
nkozG ehsh rJh sK fJ;dk gqw[Zy e/Ado fpzd{ y/sh ftek; ;h. d{ih :'iBk ftu Gkoh T[fd:'rK T[s/
pb fd~sk frnk, idfe pkeh 6 :'iBktK y/sh ns/ T[fd:'fre ftek; d'tK T[s/ e/Afdqs ;B. g/qfos
gfotosD d/ bJh j'o gqkEfwesktK ;BL gfotko fB:'iB, o'irko d/ nt;oK ftu ftqXh, 5 iK 7#
;kbkBk okPNoh nkwdB ftu ftqXh, w{b T[fd:'rK dk ftek; (b'jk, fJ;gks, Pesh, o;kfJB), wkBt
;z;kXBK dk fInkdk gq:'r, nkofEe Pesh dk fte/AdoheoD, nkwdB ftsoD dh n;wkBsktK x~N
eoBk, ;wkfie fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk gqkgs eoBk, nkfd. fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu fB:'iB
dk w[~y T[d/P b'eK d/ ihtB g~Xo Bz{ T[Zuk u[eDk ns/ T[BQK bJh n~S/ ihtB d/ bJh nt;o gqdkB eoBk
fojk j?.
fezs{ eh Gkos ftu fB:'iB Bkb fB:'fis gfotosD dk T[d/P gqkgs j' ;fenk j?< 44 ;kb d/ fB:'iB
d/ ;w/A ftu nkofEe ftek; dh do 3H5# ojh j?. Gkt/A fJj ftPt dh nkwdB ftu 4# dh ftqXh
dh s[bBk ftu p[oh BjhA j?, fezs{ ftek;Phb d/PK dh 7# s'A 10# dh ftqXh dh ng/ePk n~Sh BjhA
j?. 1951 s'A 1994 d/ ;w/A ftu Gkoh okPNoh nkwdB ftu f;oc 3H5# dh jh ftqXh ;zGt j' gkJh
j?.
Gkt/A ;oeko dk dktk j? fe 1972^1994 d/ ftu rohph dh o/yk s'A j/mK b'eK dh ;zfynk ftu 15#
dh ewh j'Jh j?, fezs{ feT[Afe o'Irko dcsoK ftu p/oIrko b'eK d/ gziheoD dh ;zfynk ftu ftqXh
1952 ftu 4H37 bZy Bkb 1971 ftu 59H09 b~y 1981 ftu 178H3 bZy, 1990 ftu 346H3 b~y ns/
1991 ftu 363H0 b~y (India Today, May 31, 1992:296) j'Jh, fJ; bJh n;hA fJ; Bshi/ T[s/
BjhA gj[zu ;ed/ fe fB:'iB d/ byP gqkgs eo bJ/ rJ/ jB ns/ b'eK d/ ihtB ftu ;[Xko dk byP
gqkgs eo fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ftu e'Jh j?okBh BjhA fe n~i fInkdk s'A fInkdk b'e e[zfms jB ns/
nzd'bBK dh ;zfynk ftu jo ;kb tkXk j[zdk ik fojk j?. fB:'iB B{z fsbKibh d/D s'A g{ot ;kBz{ ;ktXkBh
g{ote d/yDk j't/rk ns/ sd jh fBoDk b?Dk T[fus j't/rk.

o'Bkbv fbfgN d/ nB[;ko fejk ik ;edk j? fe i/eo ftek; g'qrokw Bz{ ;cb pDkT[Dk j? sK e[M f;XKsK
Bz{ feqnKfts eoBk j'J/rk. fJ;d/ e[M wj~stg{oB f;XKs jBL (i) ftek; gq;skt s/ gqfeqnk go;go
w/b j'Dk ukjhdk j?, (ii) ftek; d/ byP ;w[dkJ/ d/ bJh ;koEe w[~b tkb/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, (iii) fB:'ieK
Bz{ ;kw[dkfJe ;K;feqse edoK^ehwsK ns/ ftPtk;K dk ;w[fus frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk, (iv) ftek; ;w{u/
;w[dkJ/ d/ ;zdoG ftu j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ (v) ftek; dh eJh J/iz;hnK d/ ftu ;zg/qPD ns/ ;fj:'r
Io{oh j?. ikgkB, iowBh ;fjs d/P fiBQK B/ gqrsh ehsh j?, T[j d/P jB fi~E/ Bk sK e'Jh :'iBk nk:'r
j? ns/ Bk jh e'Jh :'iBk. eh Gkos B{z th T[jh o;sk ngDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?<

10H2 ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek;
10H2
10H2 ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; (Evolution and
10H2
10H2 ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek;
;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek;
Development of Social Change)
gfotosD dh fBozsosk ns/ fdPk d't/A T[dGt d[nkok gqdofPs j[zdhnK jB. T[dftek; ftqXh s'A fes/
fInkdk j[zdk j?. ftqXh ftu gfotosD dh fdPk dk p'X BjhA j[zdk j?, fJ; ftu gfotosD d/ ;zfynkswe
gfjb{ Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. T[dftek; d/ e[M fInkdk nzsoG{s s~s gkfJnk iKdk j?. gfotosD f;oc
nkeko ftu jh BjhA pbfe ;zouBk ftu th d/fynk iKdk j?. T[dftek; dh XkoDk ekwN/, wkoe;, ;g?A;o,
t/po, d[oyhw ns/ j'p jkT[; dh ouBktK ftu nkXkoG{s j?. fJBQK ftukoeK B/ i?fteh T[dGt d/ f;XKsK

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