Page 184 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN fJfsjk; d/ nkb/yK (Records) d[nkok j[zdk j?l T[dkjoD bJh, iksh gqEk ftu gfotosD iK fJ;sqhnK dh
;fEsh ftu gfotosD dk nfXn?B eJh :[rK d/ fJfsjk;e nkb/yK d/ nkXko T[s/ ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A w"fonk
ekb, r[gs ekb, pqjwkfDe ekb, w[rb ekb, fpqfNP ekb ns/ ;tkszsq:'so ekb. fJ; T[gkrw dh j~d fJj
j? fe fJfsjk;e nkb/y ;ko/ T[gbpX BjhA j' gkT[Ad/ jB. Bshi/ ti'A fJ; T[gkrw T[s/ fBoGo ofjD Bkb
;wki Pk;soh ;wkfBneoD Gqw gkT[D tkbk j' ;edk j?. ;wkfie wkBt Pk;soh T[gkrw j'o d'tK T[gkrwK
dh ng/ePk fInkdk ftnt;fEs ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; T[gkrw ftu rfjD y/soh ezw (Intensive
Field Work) iK ;fjGkfre ntb'eB (Participant Observation) ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;
gqeko d/ T[gkrw ftu ;?XKfse gq;EkgBktK (Propositions) wkBtiksh nKefVnK (Ethonographic
Data) dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB i' iK sK nfXn?B eosk d/ nkgD/ iK d{finK d/ y/soh ezw d/ Bshi/ j[zd/
jB. n?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk; dk ftuko j? fe e[M jcs/ iK e[M wjhB/ ;{uBkdksktK d/ Bkb d[GkPhJ/ d/ wkfXnw
Bkb ofjD s/ nfXn?B ehs/ ikD tkb/ b'eK d/ ftP/ ftu ftPt;Bh fdqPNhe'D gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk
j?. ;wkfie wkBtPk;soh s'A nkPk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j T[BQK b'eK d/ ftu xZN s'A xZN ;kb v/Y ;kb pshs
eoD, T[BQK dh GkPk ftu fBg[zBsk gqkgs eoD, ns/ fizBk ntb'eB eo ;eD T[ABk eoD. fpqfNP
wkBtPk;soh ;z;feqsh B{z wj~st BjhA fdzd/ pbfe ;wki, ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ fInkdk
wj~st fdzd/ jB. T[j j[D ‘s[bBkswe ftXh’ (Comparative Method) dk th gq:'r eod/ jB fi; ftu
eJh ;wkiK dk nfXn?B Pkwb jB. fJj ikDd/ j'J/ fe ;wki dh ftfGzB ;z;EktK go;go ;zpzXs jB,
;wkfie wkBtPk;soh ftfPPN ;z;Ek d/ ;ko/ ;zpX ;z;EktK dk nfXn?B eodk j?. fJ; wkBtPk;soh
T[gkrw dh ;hwk fJj j? fe fJj ;{yw g~Xo (Microcosm) d/ nkXko T[s/ ;E{b g~Xo (Macrocosm) d/
ftP/ ftu ;wkfBneoD dk :sB eodk j?. fJj fBofttkd ebgBk ;kotG"fwesk ns/ ;wo{gsk T[s/ nkXkos
j?. gozs{ Gkos ftu ftPwsk ns/ ftftXsk fInkdk j?. fJ; gqeko fJe fgzv d/ fe;/ ;z;Ek (fit/A—gfotko,
iksh nkfd) d/ gfotosD Bz{ d' ;w/A^ntXh d/ ftu nfXn?B eoe/ n;hA fJ; nkw Bshi/ T[s/ BjhA gj[zu
;ed/ fe d{finK fgzvK ftu iK ;w{u/ Gkos ftu fJ;/ gqeko d/ gfotosD j[zd/ jB. ;wkfie wkBtPk;soh
T[gkrw dh so[~NhnK ;wkiPk;soh T[gkrw d[nkok x~N eo fdsh rJh j?. ;wki Pk;soh T[gkrw ftu
nkB[Gfte (Empirical) iKu gVskb ftqjd g~Xo T[s/ ehsh iKdh j?. ns/ nkw Bshi/ gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/
jB.
;wkfie gfotosD T[s/ nkgD/ pknd d/ b/yK ftu :'r/Ado f;zx (1977) ftu Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD
d/ ftP/ ftu gzi T[gkrwK dh uouk dh j?. fJj jBL T[dftek;h T[gkrw, ;K;feqse T[gkrw (;z;feqsheoD,
g~SwheoD, bx{ s/ wjs gozgoktK, ;ze[fusheoD ns/ ;kotG"fweoD), ;zouBkswe T[gkrw (gqekoikswe
ns/ dÍzdkswe wkvb T[s/ nkXkos), nkdoPrs s/ ftukokswe T[gkrw, ns/ fJeheoD T[gkrw.
T[dftek;h T[gkrw (
T[dftek;h T[gkrw (
T[dftek;h T[gkrw (
)L
)L
1H 1H 1H 1H 1H T[dftek;h T[gkrw (T[dftek;h T[gkrw (Evolutionary Approach)L )L fJ; T[gkrw d/ fJe bzph Pqzybk ftu S'N/^S'N/
)L
gfotosDK d/ d[nkok n;kB s'A w[Peb ;fji rsh Bkb j'D tkb/ ftek; dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? jo/
e gfotosD ftnt;Ek Bz{ E'Vk fijk pdbdk j?l gozs{ bzp/ ;w/A pknd gfotosDK dk ;w/A gqGkt BthB
ifNb ;o{gK Bz{ iBw fdzdk j?. ndftek;h T[gkrw ftu ftXh ftdtkBK B/ uko T[g^g~XshnK dk gq:'r
ehsk j?L fJe o/yh (Unilinear), ;kotG"fwe (Universal), ueqh (Cyclical), ns/ pj[^o/yh (Multi
Linear). fJe o/yh T[g g~Xsh ftfGzB uoDK (Stages) ftu gfotosD dh ftnkfynk eodh j? ns/
wzBdh j? fe jo/e uoD gfjbK s'A n~Sk T[Zuk j?. ;kotG"fwe T[g^g~Xsh gfonktoD d/ Bkb nB[e{b
dh gqfeqnk T[s/ pb fdzdh j?.
2H 2H 2H ;zxoP T[gkrw (Conflict Approach)L wkoe;tkdh ;zxoP T[gkrw d/ nB[;ko nkofEe gfotosD,
)L
2H 2H ;zxoP T[gkrw (;zxoP T[gkrw (
)L
)L
;zxoP T[gkrw (
;zxoP T[gkrw (
)L
;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ;wki ftnt;Ek d/ eJh nzrK d/ ftu rfjD ;zxoP d/ wkfXnw Bkb j'o gfotosDK
Bz{ iBw fdzdk j?. vhHghH w[yoih, J/HnkoH d/;kJh ns/ n?wHn?BH d~sk tor/ e[M f;XKstkdhnK B/ fejk
j? fe ftqjd noE ftu ;zxoP jh ;wkfie gfotosD dk ekoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;d/ fg~S/ soe fJj
j? fe i/eo ;wki ftu ws?fen (Consensus) j't/ ns/ i/eo eJh yzvK ftu J/eheoD j't/ sK
gfotosD d/ bJh pj[s x~N dpkn ofj ikJ/rk. ;' gfotosD ;w{jK iK ;wkfie ns/ ;Kfeqse
ftnt;EktK d/ ftfGzB GkrK d/ ftu ;zxoP d/ cb;o{g jh j'Dk ukjhdk.

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