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fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
ftG/dheoD (
2H ftG/dheoD (ftG/dheoD (Differentiation)) )) )—Xow fBog/ysk dh ftqXh ;wkfie ihtB d/ ftfGzB ;o{gK ftu BØN
ftG/dheoD (
ftG/dheoD (
ftG/dheoD T[sgzB eo fdzdh j?. fJ; gqeko, toswkB ;wki ftu nkofEe, okiBhse, ftftX ns/
B?fse gqPBK dk jb okiB?fse fBnwK d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko, Xow i' gfjbK ihtB
d/ ftfGzB ;o{gK Bz{ fJe ;{so ftu ;z:[es oydk ;h, dk wj~st j[D ;wkgs j' frnk j?. okiBhse
B{z B?fse s'A ftbr ofynk iKdk j?, B?fse Bz{ nkofEe s'A.
ftt/ePhbsk (
ftt/ePhbsk (
ftt/ePhbsk (
3H ftt/ePhbsk (ftt/ePhbsk (Rationality)) )) )—ftt/ePhbsk Xow fBog/ysk dh nrbh ftP/Psk j?. wkBt ihtB
dh ;w~f;nktK dh j[D ftt/ePhb ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[BQK dk soe:[es jb y'iD dk :sB
ehsk iKdk j?. gqkuhB gqEktK ns/ gozgoktK dk nB[;oD f;fyns ftnesh d[nkok T[;/ dPk ftu
ehsk iKdk j? i/eo fJj T[; Bz{ :[esh ;zrs fdykJh fdzdh j?.
t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (
t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (
4H t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (Scientific attitude)) )) )—Xow fBog/ysk dh j'o ftP/PsktK fJj jB fe
t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (
t?frnkfBe y'iK B/ g[okDh gqEktK ftu b'eK d/ ftPtk; Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk j?.
nB/e gqkfeqse xNBktK ns/ ;wkfie goxNBk dh Xkofwe ftnkfynktK dk ;ekB t?frnkfBe
ftnkfynktK B/ b? fbnk.
12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD
12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD
12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD
12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD
12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD
Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoDK ftu j/m fbyhnK wjs~tg{oD j?—
nkX[fBe f;fynk (
nkX[fBe f;fynk (
nkX[fBe f;fynk (Modern education)) )) )—Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dk ;G s'A fInkdk
nkX[fBe f;fynk (
1H nkX[fBe f;fynk (
wj~stg{oD ekoD g~Swh f;fynk j?. fi;B/ g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk ;{sogks ehsk ns/ Gkosh ;z;feqsh
d/ gqGkt Bz{ xN eo fdsk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk fJ; d/P
ftu nzr/qiK d/ gqGkt Bz{ xN eo fdsk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk
fJ; d/P ftu nzr/qIK d/ nkrwB s'A nkozG j'Jh. nkX[fBe f;fynk B/ wkBth ;w~f;nktK d/ gqsh
t?frnkBe fdqPNhe'D Bz{ gq's;kfjs ehsk. f;fyns tor B/ nB/e gozgokrs ftPtk;K ns/ feqnktK
d/ bJh t?frnkBe ftnkfynk dh y'i eoB dk :sB ehsk. ;fjf;fynk^gqDkbh B/ ;wki ftu
fJ;sqhnK dh G{fwek d/ pko/ ftu nB/e ftPtk;K B{z ysw eo fdsk. ftnkj, fe~sk ns/ j'o wkBth
feqnktK d/ gqsh Xow fBog/y fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk frnk.
:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (
:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (
:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (
2H :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (Development of the means of transport
and communication)) )) )—:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosDK B/ Pohoe rshPhbsk
Bz{ tXk fdsk j?. d/P d/ ftfGzB fj~f;nK ftu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK d/ nsfwPoD Bkb fInkdkso
GqKshnK d{o j' rJhnK ns/ T[dko ftukoK dk ftek; j'fJnk. iksh gqDkbh Bz{ X~ek brk ns/ nS{ssk
;zpzXh ftukoK ftu th gfotosD nkfJnk. :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK dh ftqXh B/ g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ Xow
fBog/ysk ftu ekch ;jkfJsk ehsh j?.
;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (
;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (
;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (
3H ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (Social and religious reform movements)) )) )—
Gkosh B/sktK, okik okww'jB okJ/, ;o ;Jhnd nfjwd yK, e/Ptuzd ;?B, ;tkwh dfJnkBzd, d/
t/AdBkE N?r'o ns/ wjkswk rKXh d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ftfGzB ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bBK B/
th Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk Bz{ rsh gqdkB ehsh j?.
Broh (
Broh (
Broh (
4H Broh (Broh (Urbanization)) )) )—Xow fBog/ysk rqkwhD ihtB dh ng/ePk Broh ithB ftu fInkdk
gqw[~y j?. wekBK dh ewh, :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dh pj[sbsk, nkofEe ;w~f;nktK,
P'Gkuko, f;fynk, Broh ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;zouBk, g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk Broh ihtB dk
gqGkt, ftnesh^fJBQK ;kfonK s~sK B/ Broh fdqPNhe'D Bz{ Xow fBog/y pDk fdsk.
ftXkB (
ftXkB (
5H ftXkB (ftXkB (Legislation)) )) )—nzr/qi Pk;eK B/ nB/e nfXfBnw, ftXtk g[Boftnkj ekBz{B, 1856l
ftXkB (
iksh n:'rsktK T[Bw{bB nfXfBnw, 1850, ftP/P ftnkj ekBz{B, 1872 gkfos ehs/ fiBQK B/
Gkosh b'eK d/ o{Vhrs ftukoK T[s/ gqjko ehsk. nkX[fBe ;w/A ftu fjzd{ ftnkj ekBz{B 1955l fjzd{
T[ZsokfXeko ekB{zB, 1956l fjzd{ ftXtk g[Boftnkj ekBz{B, 1956l gkbB^g'PD ekBz{B ns/ d~se
rqfjD ekBz{B B/ ftnkj ns/ gfotko dh fjzd{ ;z;EktK d/ Xow fBog/ysk ftu :'r fdsk j?.
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