Page 53 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJ; soK ftnkj ;wki ftt;Ek dk ;{yw gqko{g j? fi; Bz{ ;zs[fbs ofjDk ukjhdk j? BjhA sK ;G e[M fpyo BØN
;edk j?. ;zs[bB d/ bJh ;wk:'iB dh Io{os j[zdh j? i' nkdkB gqdkB T[Zs/ fBoXkfos j[zdk j? iK gsh ns/
gsBh d'jK s'A jh fsnkr dh T[whd o~ydk j?. fJj fJ~e :[rw ftt;Ek j?. ;zs[bB pDk e/ o~yD bJh fe;/
Bz{ sK e[M ezw eoB/ jh j'Dr/, fit/A ykDk pDkUDk, ;ckJh, e~gV/ X[bkJh, XB ewkUDk, p~funK dh d/yGkb
nkfd. e"D eh G{fwek fBGkUAdk j?, fJj fJzBk wj~stg{oD BjhA j? fizBk fJj fe ftnkj d/ ;EkfJ~st bJh
e'Jh G{fwek fBGk fojk j?.
ftnkj ft~u ;kXB (instrumental) ns/ J/ehfeqs (integrative) nrtkJh fBfjs j[zdh j?. ;kXe B/sk ezw
Bz{ eokUD Bkb ;zpzX o~ydk j? ns/ ;w{j Bz{ T[d/P gqkgsh t~b b? iKdk j?. J/ehfeqs B/sk ;w{jK Bz{ J/ehfeqs
eoD ft~u b~rk ofjzdk j?. fJ; soK d't/A G{fwektK go;go fto'Xh jB, fco th fJ~e d{i/ dhnK g{oe jB.
;wkiPk;soh ftnkj d/ nzsors fJBK G{fwektK dk nfXn?B eod/ jB.
3H1H1
3H1H1 ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK
3H1H1
3H1H1 ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK
3H1H1 ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK
;G G{fwektK fg~S/ e[M nfGgq/oDktK j[zdhnK jB. ftnkj d/ fg~S/ eh nfGgq/oDk j?< fJj wkBsk j? fe gqkozfGe
ekb ft~u ftnesh ftnkj fJ; bJh eodk ;h feUAfe ihtB:kgD dh ;w~f;nk T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ;h. nkofee
ekoDK eo e/ wB[~y Bz{ p~funK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h i' Bk e/tb UBK Bz{ ezw ft~u wdd eoD, pbfe id'A
wksk^fgsk ezw eoD d/ :'r Bk ofjD sK p~u/ phw/ d/ ;wkB UBK d/ ezw nk ;eD. UBK Bz{ y/sK ft~u ezw
eoD bJh nfXe n"osK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h. fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe gqkozfGe ekb ft~u ftnkj ft~u
gq/w ns/ ;fj:'r BjhA ;h ns/ e/tb fttjkfoe ekoD jh nfXe wj~stg{oD ;B. p'w?B (Bowman) d/
nB[;ko ftnkj d/ w{bG{s T[d/P jBL :"B ;zs[PNh, xo ns/ p~funK dh fJ~Sk, fw~sosk, ;wkfie ;fEsh ns/
;~wkB ns/ nkofEe ;[o~fynk ns/ ;zo~fynD. g'gB' B/ ftnkj d/ gzi s~s d~;/ jBL :"B fJ~Sk, fwjBs
ftGkiB, xo ns/ p~funK dh fJ~Sk, fw~sosk ns/ nkofEe ;[o~fynk. p'w?B B/ ftnefs~st ;zs[PNh Bz{ ftnkj
dk T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk j?. Uj efjzd/ jB fe fJj ftnkj dk T[d/P BjhA pbfe gqshcb j?.

wi{wdko d/ nB[;ko ukj/ fB:fws ns/ ;wkfie wkBsk gqkgs :"B ;zs[PNh ftnkj dk w{b ekoD j?, fco
th fJj fJ~e wkso ns/ nzfsw ekoD BjhA j?. UBK B/ ;/wk BkrktK dk T[dkjoD fd~sk j?. fiBK ft~u fJ~e
p~uk nkgD/ fgsk dh ftXtk (wK s'A fJbktk) Bkb ftnkj eo b?Adk j? sK fe T[; dh ;zgsh T[Zs/ nfXeko
eo ;e/, feUAfe UBK d/ iBiksh fotkiK d/ nB[;ko g[oP dh ftXtk ;zgsh dh nfXekoh j[zdh j?, Bk fe
p~u/. fJ; gqeko wi{wdko dh wkBsk j? fe ftnkj d/ Td/P jBL :"B ;zs[PNh, p~funK d/ bkbD^gkbD dk
ftPtk;:'r ;wkfie sohek, ;z;feqsh dk ;z;eowD, nkofEe Io{osK ns/ ;zgsh dk T[ZsokfXeko.

n~i id'A ‘gozgokrs’ ;wki ‘nkX[fBe’ ;wki ft~u pdb fojk j?, ftnkj d/ bJh fJBK fttjkfoe ekoDK
dk wj~st x~N j[zdk ik fojk j?.n~i ftnkj d/ i' gq/oe ekoe wzB/ ik oj/ jB, Uj jB J/ekehgD dh GktBk
s'A S[Nekok ns/ d{finK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ihfts ofjD dk T[d/P.;ob PpdK ft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe
n~i ftnkj dk gqw[~y T[d/P fw~sosk iK ;fj:'r gqkgsh j[zdk j?. :"B ;zs[PNh fJ; d/ y/so s'A go/ BjhA
j? gqzs{ fJj j[D fw~sosk d/ w[ekpb/ r"D j' frnk j?.

gozgokrs fjzd{ ;wki ft~u ftnkj d/ T[d/P fBwB wzB/ iKd/ jBL Xow, gqik ns/ ofs. fJBK ft~u'A Xow
Bz{ ;G s'A fInkdk wj~st fd~sk frnk j?. T[; s'A pknd, ;zskB T[sgsh ns/ :"B ;zs[PNh Bz{. dcsoh B/
th fejk j? fe :"B nkBzd fjzd{ ftnkj dk fJ~e wkso T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk frnk j?. gqw[~y T[d/P j? Xow
noEks eos~t gkbD. fJ; soK fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u ftnesh dh o{uh dk x~N wj~st BjhA ;h. ftnkj ;w[dkJ/
ns/ gfotko d/ gqsh ;wkfie eos~t ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.
3H1H2 fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko
3H1H2
3H1H2 fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko
3H1H2
3H1H2 fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko
fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko j? i' fe Xow d/ fBotkj bJh ehsk iKdk j?, Bk fe nkBzd bJh. fjzd{
ftnkj Bz{ gft~so wzB/ ikD d/ eJh ekoD fd~s/ ik ;ed/ jBL (1) Xow (Xkofwe ekoiK dh g{osh bJh) fjzd{
ftnkj dk ;ot^T[Zu T[d/P ;hl (2) Xkofwe ;z;ekoK Bz{ g{ok eoBk, fit/A :~r, ezfBnkdkB, gkfDrqfjD,
;gsgdh nkfdl (3) ;z;eko nrBh d/ ;kjwD/ ehs/ iKd/ ;B fiBK ft~u pqkjwDK d[nkok t/dK Bkb
wzso^T[ZukoD ehsk iKdk ;hl (4) ftnkj^pzXB nN[~N ;wfMnk iKdk ;h ns/ gsh gsBh w"s s'A pknd th

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