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fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
r/okbv b/f;b/ (Gerald Leslie, 1982:12) B/ gfotko dh gfoGkPk d' fGzB fbzrK d/ pkbr b'eK d/ ;w{j d/ BØN
o{g ft~u d~;h j? i' fe ;wkfie wkBsk gqkgs :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eod/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ Bkb jh UBK d/
nkgD/ p~u/ iK r'd bj/ p~u/ th j[zd/ jB. wovke (Murdock, 1949) B/ gfotko dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fejk
j? fe gfotko fJ~e nfijk ;wkfie ;w{j j? fi; dk fJ~e ;kXkoD fBtk; j[zdk j?, nkofEe ;fj:'r j[zdk
j? ns/ fi; ft~u gqiDB feqnk gkJh iKdh j?. ok; (Ross) dh gfoGkPk ft~u gfotkfoe ihtB d/ ;ohfoe,
;wkfie ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe s~s Pkfwb jB. ok; (1961:31) d/ nB[;ko gfotko Bks/dkoh d/ nkXko s/
fJ~e d{i/ Bkb i[V/ b'eK dk Uj ;w{j j? i' fJ~e xo ft~u ofjzd/ jB ns/ fiBK ft~u nfXekoK, eos~tK, GktBktK
ns/ nkfXgs dk fJ~e fBPfus nkdoP gqdkB eoD Bkb J/esk dk Gkt pfDnk ofjzdk j?. fJ; soK Uj
gfotkfoe ;zouBk d/ uko T[g;o{gK ft~u nzso d~;dh j?^ (i) gfo;fEfseh (ecological) T[g;zouBk,
noEks gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh ;EkfBe ns/ xo^;zpzXh ftt;Ek, iK foPs/dkoK dh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb G{r'fbe
fdqPNh Bkb fBeNsk. ;kXkoD PpdK ft~u fJ; dk noE j? fe xo dk nkeko ns/ gfotko dk gqeko eh
j?, (ii) nfXeko ns/ eos~tK dh T[g;zouBk, noEks xo d/ nzdo fwjBs ftGkiB dh ;fEsh, (iii) Pesh
ns/ ;~sk dh T[g;zouBk, noEks d{finK d/ ezwK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD, (iv) GktBktK (sentiments) dh
T[g;zzouBk, noEks ftftX gqeko d/ w?ApoK ft~u ;zpzX. T[dkjoD bJh, wksk^fgsk ns/ ;zskB d/ ft~u,
gsh^gsBh ft~u, ns/ GkJh^GkJh ns/ GkJh^G?D nkfd d/ ft~u ;zpzX.
B'N; ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u gfotko n"os wod dk fJ~e ;w{j j? i' ftnkj ;zpzXK Bkb iK
oes ;zpzXK Bkb iK r'd b?D Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j? ns/ i' T[wo, fbzr ns/ j'o ;zpzXK T[Zs/
nkXkfos G{fwektK ndk eodk j? ns/ ;wkfie fdqPNh Bkb fJ~e xo iK T[g^xo d/ o{g
ft~u gfjukfDnk iKdk j?.
gfotko d/ gqeko
gfotko d/ gqeko
4H2 gfotko d/ gqeko
4H2
4H2 gfotko d/ gqeko
4H2 gfotko d/ gqeko (Forms of Family)
4H2
uN'gkfXnkJ/ B/ fszB gqeko d/ gfotko d~;/ jBL ;kXkoD (Simple), fwPfos (Compound), ns/ ;zy/g
‘;kXkoD’ gfotko ft~u gsh, gsBh ns/ UBK d/ nfttkfjs p~u/ Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. ed/ ed/ nfijk th j[zdk
j? fe p~u/ d/ iBw s'A pknd fJ~e ihtB ;kEh dh w"s j' iKdh j? sK d{ik g[Bo^ftnkj eo b?Adk j?. nfijh
;fEsh ft~u p~funK d/ d' gqeko d/ ;w[~uK (sets) dh fJekJh Bz{ ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko BjhA fejk ik ;edk. o/
ykfu~so BzH 1 fJ; gqeko dhnK d' fJekJhnK Bz{ gqdofPs eodk j?.
o/ykfuso 1
o/ykfuso 1
o/ykfuso 1
o/ykfuso 1
o/ykfuso 1
gsh + gsBh + gsh gsBh + gsh + gsBh
(wfos) (wfos)
g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh
(ftXtk d[pkok ftnkj eodh j?) (ftXtk d[pkok ftnkj eodh j?)
d't/A jh fJekJhnK ft~u d' ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko jB. uN'gkfXnkJ/ B/ d'tK jh gfotkoK Bz{ fwPfos gfotko
dh Pq/Dh ft~u o~fynk j?. fJj ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko s'A fJ; noE ft~u fGzB jB fe fJ; ft~u p~funK d/ d'
;w[~u (;?ZN) jB. fJ~e fwqs ;kEh s'A ns/ d{ik ihfts ;kEh s'A fi; Bkb g[Bo^ftnkj j'fJnk j?. gqzs{ p~funK
d/ d' ;w[~uK ft~u fJ~e wK iK pkg ;wkB (common) j?. ed/ ed/ fJ~e ;kEh nkgD/ ;kEh d/ ihfts ofjD
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