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fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
fJekJh^4L gfotko
UBK B/ gkfJnk fe gozgokrs ;z:[essk ns/ Pfjoh y/so ft~u gfotko d/ ofjD dh ntXh ft~u BØN
wj~stg{oD ;zpzX j?. UBK dk nB[wkB ;h fe Pfjoh y/so ft~u gfotko fizBh bzph ntXh s~e mfjo/
rk, ;z:[essk dh wksok ft~u th UBh jh ewk nkJ/rh. gqzs{ UBK B/ gkfJnk fe “pj[s g[okD/” (50
iK nfXe ;kbK s~e Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/) ns/ “g[okD/” (25 s'A 50 ;kbK s~e Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/)
gfotkoK ft~u “Bt/A” gfotkoK (25 iK fJ; s'A x~N ;kbK s'A Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/) d/ w[ekpb/
;z:[essk fInkdk fwbdh j?.
b[Jh ftoE (Louis Wirth, 1938) dk th fJjh ftuko j? fe Bro gozgokrs gfotkfoe ihtB d/
bJh ;jkfJe BjhA j?. UBK dk efjDk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB dh fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u (Broh) gfotko
t~v/ Bks/dkoh ;w{j s'A w[es j?, i' fe fgzv dh ftP/Psk j?, ns/ ftneshrs o{g ft~u (Broh gfotko
dk) w?Apo nkgDh f;~fyne, eko'pkoh, Xkofwe, wB'oziB ;zpzXh ns/ okiBhfse fJ~SktK dh g{osh
ft~u b~rk ofjzdk j?.
;kvk ftuko j? fe gfotko ftt;Ek d/ gfotosB ft~u BroheoD dk ftP/P wj~st j?. Pfjoh ihtB
;z:[es gfotko d/ ;o{g Bz{ ewI'o pDkUAdk j? ns/ J/ekeh gfotkoK Bz{ fdqV pDkUAdk j?. BroK ft~u
T[Zu f;~fynk ns/ Bt/A eko'pkoK Bz{ u[DB bJh fInkdk w"e/ j[zd/ jB. Uj b'e i' nkgD/ gfotko d/
gozgokrs eko'pko Bz{ S~v e/ Bt/A eko'pko ngDkUAd/ jB, nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ nfGftq~shnK ft~u UBK
b'eK d/ w[ekpb/ t~vk gfotosB do;kUAd/ jB i' nkgD/ gozgokrs eko'pko Bz{ BjhA S~vd/. fJ;/ soK
PfjoK ft~u f;~fyns ftnesh ukj/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ wkBdzvK dk E'Vk pj[s gkbD eod/ jB, gqzs{
UBK d/ g~y ft~u x~N j[zdk j?. gqzs{ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe gqftq~shnK ft~u gfotosB ns/ Pfjo
ft~u ofjD dh ntXh ft~u fBeN dk ;zpzX j?. Pfjo ft~u n"osK bz{ th B"eoh d/ nfXe w"e/ fwb iKd/
jB ns/ id'A Uj XB ewkUD brdhnK jB sK Uj eJh y/soK ft!~u ;[szsosk ukj[zdhnK jB. Uj
nkgD/ gsh d/ iDe gfotko s'A w[es j'D dh e'fPP eoD brdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko Bro ft~u ofjD
d/ ekoD ns/ ;wki ft~u gfotko d/ ;o{g ft~u fJ~e fGzBsk fdykJh fdzdh j?.

Nk;e ;z:[es gfotko fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB<

T[d:'rheoD
3H 3H T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD
3H 3H 3H T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD (Industrialization)
19thA Pskpdh d/ nzs ns/ 20thA Pskpdh d/ P[o{ ft~u Gkos ft~u T[d:'rheoD nkozG j' frnk ;h.
Bt/A T[d:'rK d/ uko/ gk;/ PfjoK dk ftek; j'fJnk ;h. T[d:'rheoD s'A gfjbK ;kv/ e'b fJj
ftt;Ek ;h^ (i) fe;kBh nw[dokjhD (non-monetized) ftt;Ek (ii) seBheh dk Uj ;so fi~E/
xo/b{ fJekJh nkofEe ftfBwn dh fJekJh th ;h, (iii) fgsk^g[~so ns/ GkJh^GkJh ftueko e'Jh
eko'pkoh G/d BjhA ;h, (iv) fJ~e nfijh w[~b ftt;Ek ;h fi~E/ :[esh;zrssk (v) d/ wkBdzvK dh
pikJ/ p[I[orK dk ;~sk ns/ gozgoktK dh gft~sosk d'jK Bz{ jh wj~st fd~sk iKdk ;h. gqzs{
T[d:'rheoD B/ ;kv/ ;wki ft~u nkw o{g Bkb nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie^;z;feqfse gfotosB ns/
ftP/P o{g Bkb gfotko ft~u gfotosB ehsk j?. nkofEe y/so ft~u fJ; d/ fJj Bshi/ j'J/ jB^
ekoi ftP/P~rsk, eko'pkoh rshPhbsk, noE ftt;Ek dk dqtheoD ns/ eko'pkoh ;zouBktK ns/
Bks/dkoh ftueko ;zpzXK dk N[~N ikDk. ;wkfie y/so ft~u fJ; dk Bshik j'fJnk j?^ g/Av{ y/soK s'A
Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nkrwB, f;~fynk dk gq;ko ns/ fJ~e wIp{s okiBhfse YKuk. ;z;feqfse y/so
ft~u fJ; Bkb (T[d:'rheoD Bkb) Xow fBog~ysk d/ ftuko dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.
gfotkfoe ;zrmB T[Zs/ T[d:'rheoD d/ i' fszB w[~y gqGkt j'J/ jB, Uj fJj jB^ (1) gfotko i' fe
T[sgkdB dh fJ~e gqXkB fJekJh ;h, j[D T[gG'r dh fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u pdb frnk j?. fJ~e
J/ehfeqs nkofEe ftt;Ek ft~u b~r/ gfotko d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK d/ fJ~em/ ezw eoD dh pikJ/, gfotko

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