Page 9 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki
fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki
fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki
fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki
fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki
Xow (fi; d/ 2H43# iB^;zfynk iK 2H05 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB), f;~y Xow (fi; d/ 1H96# iB^;zfynk BØN
iK 1H65 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB), p[~X Xow (fi; d/ 0H71 # iB^;zfynk iK 0H41 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB),
ns/ j'o Xow (fi; d/ 0H38# iB^;zfynk iK 0H38 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB) nkT[Ad/ jB.
fjzd{ Xow eow (eos~t gkbD), Xow, g[Bo^iBw (ftnesh 84 b~y iBw b?Adk j?), nkswk dh nwosk,
fsnkr ns/ w'eP (iBw ns/ w"s s'A S[Nekok) nkfd f;XKsK dk nfXtesk j?.
fJ;bkw Xow Gkos ft~u w[;fbw jwfbnK d/ Bkb nkfJnk. fJj g{oB o{g ft~u fJ~e/P/totkdh Xow j? i'
‘y[dk dh woIh’ Bz{ jh Gkr wzB e/ T[gd/P fdzdk j?. fJj Xow w{osh g{ik ft~u ftPtk; BjhA eodk j? ns/
jIos w[jzwd ;kfjp Bz{ g?rzpo ns/ ‘e[okB Poh|’ Bz{ ;G s'A gft~so g[;se wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko jo
Xow Phb w[;bwkB d/ gzi gqw[~y eos~t jBl n~bk ft~u ftPtk;, gzi tko BwkI ndk eoBk, dkB$Ieks
d/Dk, jo ;kb fJ~e wjhB/ dk o'Ik o~yDk ns/ ihtB ekb ft~u x~N s'A x~N fJ~e tko w~ek dh shoE^:ksok
eoBk.
f;~y Xow dk T[d/ gzdQothA Pskpdh ft~u j'fJnk. fJ; Xow d/ ;z;Ekge r[o{ BkBe d/t ns/ UjBK d/ u/b/ gozgok
d/ B"A j'o r[o{nK B/ Xow ft~u egN, nkvzpo, fwfEnk d/ fto[~X T[gd/P fd~s/. f;~y Xow d/ gzi Xkofwe fuzBQ
jB^ e/P, ezxk, eVk, feogkB ns/ e~Sk.
ikshnK
ikshnK
ikshnK
ikshnK
ikshnK (Castes)^^ ^^ ^ikshnK tzPkB[eqw T[Zs/ nkXkfos nzsofttkjh ;w{j jB fiBQK d/ fBPfus ezw j[zd/ jB,
ykD^gkD ;zpzXh fBP/XK dk gkbD eod/ jB ns/ nzso^feqnk T[Zs/ ;wkfie gqshpzXK Bz{ wzBd/ jB. Gkos ft~u
brGr 3000 ikshnK jB. fJBQK ikshnK Bz{ fszB Pq/DhnK ft~u tzfvnk frnk j?^ T[Zu ikshnK (fit/A pqkjwD,
okig{s, pkDhnk, ekfJ;E nkfd), w~X ikshnK (fit/A njho, ;[fBnko, e[owh nkfd) ns/ fBwB ikshnK
(fit/A X'ph, BkJh nkfd). fJ; s'A fJbktk nS{s ikshnK th jB (fit/A u{V/, Gzrh, o?ro nkfd). ikshnK uko
toDK Bkb i'VhnK rJhnK jB (pqkjwD, y~soh, t?P, P{do nkfd) fi; Bkb ;z;kfoe ;z;eoD ft~u UjBK dh
;fEsh dk fBoDk j[zdk j?.
iBikshnK
iBikshnK (Tribes)^^ ^^ ^iBiksh fJ~e nfijk ;w[dkJ/ j?, i' fJ~e ;kXkoD G{r'fbe y/so ft~u ofjzdk j?, ns/ fJ~e'
iBikshnK
iBikshnK
iBikshnK
fijh GkPk ns/ ;z;feqsh Bz{ wzBdk j?. Gkos dh e[b iBiksh iB^;zfynk 1991 dh iBrDBk nB[;ko 5H20 eo'V
j? i' fe Gkos dh e[b iB^;zfynk dk 7H8# j?. gqw[~y iBikshnK fJ; soK jB^ ;zEkb, Ghb, whDk, r"Av, Bkrk,
yk;h, n'oKt, rko' ns/ ‘j'’. d/P dh brGr d' fsjkJh iBiksh iB^;zfynk gzi okiK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?L w~X
gqd/P, T[Vh;k, fpjko, r[ioks ns/ wjkokPNo. fszB okiK (oki;EkB, g~Swh pzrkb, ns/ nKXok gqd/P) ft~u
20 b~y s'A nfXe iB^;zfynk tkbhnK iBikshnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. gzi nfij/ oki ns/ e/Ado Pkf;s
gqd/P jB, fi~E/ e[b iB^;zfynk d/ 70 s'A 95# iBiksh d/ b'e jB. fJj jB fwI'ow, Bkrkb?Av, w/xkfbnk,
no[Bkub gqd/P ns/ fsqg[ok.
gqikshnK
gqikshnK (Races)^^ ^^ ^Gkosh iB^;zfynk pj[^iDBh (polygenetic) iK ftftX gqikshnK dk fwPoD j?. phH
gqikshnK
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n?;H r[jk d/ nB[;ko Gkosh iB^;zfynk S/ gqiksh iB^;w{jK s'A pDhnK jBL BhfrqN', gq'N' nk;Nq/bkfJv,
wKr'bkfJv, w?fvNo/BhnB iK dqkftV, pqkuh;/ckb ns/ B"ofve nkfonk. pqkuh;/ckfbe BhrqkJhv n|ohek s'A
nkJ/ Gkos nkT[D tkb/ ;G s'A gfjb/ b'e jB. Uj j[D d~yD Gkos dhnK gjkVh iBikshnK d/ o{g ft~u
ns/ nzv/wkB dhg ;w{j ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB fi~E/ UjBK B/ nkgDh GkPk Bz{ j[D s~e poeoko o~fynk j?. ;zfynk
d/ wkwb/ ft~u j[D Uj x~N jB. gq'N' nk;Nq/bkfJv; iK nk;fNqe; i' fe w~X T[ukJh tkb/, ekb/ ozr tkb/, bzp/
f;o tkb/, w'N/ ipkV/ tkb/, S'Nh m'vh tkb/ ns/ ugNh B~e tkb/ b'e jB, g{o/ Gkos ft~u c?b/ j'J/ jBl
ftP/P o{g Bkb g{oph, w~X ns/ d~yDh Gkos ft~u ns/ fJ~E'A jh Uj powk ns/ wbkfJnk s~e rJ/. n;b
ft~u, fJBQK b'eK B/ Gkosh ;~fGnsk dh BhAj o~yh ns/ fJBQK B/ jh rzBk, uktb ns/ ;kr^;pIhnK dh y/
sh P[o{ ehsh. UjBK dh GkPk j[D th w[zvk ns/ e'b GkPktK ft~u puh j'Jh j?. dqkftV iK w?vhNq/fBnB gqiksh
ft~u fszB T[g gqeko jBL n;bh w?vhNq/fBnB, gb/U w?vhNq/fBnB ns/ Ufon?ANb w?vhNq/fBnB. fJBQK b'eK
B/ Broh f;zX{ xkNh ;~fGnsk Bz{ gqf;~Xh d/ f;yo s~e gj[zukfJnk fi; d/ ntP/P ;kBz{ w'jBi'dV' ns/ jV~gk
s'A gqkgs j'J/ jB. dqkftV b'e g{o/ Gkos ft~u c?b/ j'Dr/. wzr'bkfJv gqiksh d/ b'eK d/ f;o u"V/, e~d
w~Xb/, uwVh dk ozr G{ok iK ghbk, B~e S'Nh ns/ pZ[bQ w'N/, ugNk fujok, r~bK dhnK j~vhnK T[ZGohnK
j[zdhnK jB ns/ fJj n;kw, Bkrkb?Av ns/ fwI' gjkVhnK ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB. Bkofve nkfonk b'e Jh;k

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