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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar
uksV 4- izksisQlj jkWfcal osQ vuqlkj ^euq"; dh leku {kerk* dh ekU;rk ihxw dh dY;k.k dh èkkj.kk
dks ;FkkFkZ vè;;u ugha cukrh gSA mlosQ 'kCnksa esa ;g ekU;rk uhfr&fo"k;d fl¼kar ij fuHkZj djrh
gS] u fd oSKkfud izn'kZu ij_ ;g ewY; dk fu.kZ; ugha gSA
5- ihxw dY;k.k osQ uhfrfo"k;d lacaèk dks Li"V ugha djrk gSA dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=k dk uhfr'kkL=k
ls ?kfu"B lacaèk gS ijarq ihxw bldks Li"V ugha djrkA dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=k vko';d rkSj ls
vkn'kZoknh vè;;u gS ftlesa ewY; fu.kZ; rFkk var%oS;fDrd (Interpersonal) rqyuk,¡ dh tkrh gSaA
bu èkkj.kkvksa dks viuh ^dY;k.k* èkkj.kk osQ lkFk lacaèk u djus osQ dkj.k ihxw dk ^^dY;k.k dk
vFkZ'kkL=k** dY;k.k osQ dkj.kksa dk okLrfod vè;;u ugha le>k tkrkA
bu =kqfV;ksa osQ dkj.k vkèkqfud vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ^{kfriwfrZ fl¼kar* rFkk ^lkekftd dY;k.k iQyu* dh
fopkjèkkjkvksa dks izfrikfnr fd;k gS] tks dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL=k dks u;k Lo:i nsus osQ iz;kl gSaA
uksV~l lkekftd dY;k.k ,d lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ dY;k.kksa dk ,d=khdj.k le>k tkrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
4- tc jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks c<+rk gSμ
(v) dY;k.k (c) lEEkku (l) vdY;k.k (n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5- dY;k.k dks vfèkdre djus gsrq jk"Vªh; vk; dk egÙoiw.kZ gSμ
(v) le; (c) forj.k (l) lEeku (n) fopj.k
6- dY;k.k dks vfèkdre djrh gSμ
(v) vk; (c) ykxr (l) vk£Fkd lekurk (n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
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7- lkekftd dY;k.k esa mUufr dks tkuus osQ fy, ihxw ,d ekinaM viukrk gSA
(v) nksgjk (c) lkekU; (l) vk£Fkd (n) lkekftd
8- ihxw vk£Fkd dY;k.k ,oa jk"Vªh; vk; dks vko';d rkSj ls ekurk gSμ
(v) LoxZ (c) vuko';d (l) t:jh (n) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
24-3 lhekar futh o lhekar lkekftd ykxrksa ,oa izfriQyksa osQ fopyu dk
fo'ys"k.k] vFkok cfgHkkZoksa ;k cká izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k
(Analysis of Divergences between Private and Social Costs
and Returns, or of Externalities or External Effects)
lhekar futh o lkekftd ykxrksa ,oa izfriQyksa (ykHkksa) osQ chp fopyu cfgHkkZo (Externalities) ;k cká
izHkko (External effects) ;k cká ferO;f;rk,¡ ,oa vferO;f;rk,¡ (External economies and
diseconomies) dgykrs gSaA ^^,d cká izHkko rc gksuk ekuk tkrk gS] tc Hkh ,d iQeZ dk mRiknu ;k
,d O;fDr dh mi;ksfxrk fdlh vU; iQeZ ;k O;fDr dh fØ;k ,sls lkèku ij fuHkZj djrh gS ftls cspk
;k [kjhnk ugha tkrk gS_ de ls de orZeku esa ,slk lkèku fofue;&;ksX; ugha gksrk gS --- cká izHkkoksa
dks (O;fDr;ksa vkSj iQeks± osQ chp) vfofu;fer ijLij fuHkZjrk,¡ (Untraded interdependencies)
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