Page 419 - DECO401_MICROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

bdkbZ 24 % ihxw dk dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj cfgHkkZo

Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks fd ikjLifjd ;k ,d&fn'kkRed (Uni-directional) gks ldrh gSaA cfgHkkZo mRiknu uksV
ls mRiknu vkSj mRiknu ls miHkksx dh vksj tkrs gSaA os miHkksx mRiknu dh vksj Hkh tk ldrs gSaA cfgHkkZo
èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed gksrs gSaA ykHknk;d cfgHkkZo èkukRed (positive) cfgHkkZo dgykrs gSaA eg¡xs cfgHkkZo
½.kkRed (Negative) dgykrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn futh ykHkksa ls lkekftd ykHk vfèkd gksrs gSa rks ;g
èkukRed cfgHkkZo ;k cká ferO;f;rk gksrh gSA ;fn futh ykxrksa ls lkekftd ykxrsa vfèkd gksrh gSa rks ;g
½.kkRed cfgHkkZo vFkok cká vferO;f;rk gksrh gSA okLro esa] cfgHkkZo (externalities) ek£dV
viw.kZrk,¡ gksrh gSa] tgk¡ oLrq dh lsok ;k vlsok osQ fy, ek£dV dksbZ dher iznku ugha djrh gSA bu cfgHkkZoksa
ls lkèkuksa dk oqQforj.k gksrk gS ftlls mRiknu ;k miHkksx b"Vre Lrj ls de jg tkrk gSA bl izdkj] cká
izHkkoksa osQ dkj.k vfèkdre lkekftd dY;k.k ugha gks ikrkA ihxw dks bl ckr dk Js; gS fd mlus bu cká
izHkkoksa osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k gh ugha fd;k cfYd lkekftd ,oa futh ykxrksa vkSj ykHkksa osQ fopyuksa dks
nwj djus osQ mik; Hkh crk,] ftudk ge uhps foospu djrs gSaA
lkekftd ,oa futh ykxrksa vkSj izfriQyksa esa fopyuksa osQ dkj.k (Causes of Divergences between
Social and Private Costs and Returns)μihxw osQ vuqlkj vKku ;k n`<+rkvksa osQ izfrcaèkksa ls eqDr
vius fgr ls futh vkSj lkekftd ykxrksa vkSj izfriQyksa esa lekurk vkrh gSA ijarq oqQN O;kolkf;d O;ogkj
n`<+rkvksa (Rigidities) dks tUe nsrs gSa ftuls futh vkSj lkekftd ykxrksa vkSj izfriQyksa esa fopyu mRiUu
gks tkrs gSa tksfd ek¡x esa ifjorZuksa] #fp;ksa] O;kikfjd mrkj&p<+koksa] ;q¼ rFkk u, m|ksxksa osQ mRFkku }kjk vkSj
foLr`r gks tkrs gSaA cká ferO;f;rkvksa rFkk vferO;f;rkvksa osQ ik, tkus ls futh mRikn (Private product)
rFkk lkekftd mRikn (Social product) esa fHkUurk gksrh gS] ftlls lkekftd vkSj futh ykxrksa rFkk ykHkksa
esa fopyu ik;k tkrk gSA vc ge bu cká ferO;f;rkvksa rFkk vferO;f;rkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaμ
1- mRiknu dh cká ferO;f;rk,¡ (External economies of production)μtc dksbZ iQeZ fdlh
lsok osQ leLr ykHk ;k ykxr dk Lo;a iz;ksx fd, fcuk] nwljh iQeks± dks ml lsok dk ykHk ;k ykxr
iznku djrh gS rks ;g mRiknu dh cká ferO;f;rk gSA mRiknu dh cká ferO;f;rk,¡ ,d ;k vfèkd
iQeks± dks vkSlr ykxrksa dh deh osQ :i esa fdlh vU; iQeZ dh fØ;kvksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i izkIr gksrh gSaA
mRiknu dh cká ferO;f;rk,¡ ml le; mRiUu gksrh gSa] tc ,d iQeZ dk izlkj m|ksx esa vU; iQeks±
osQ fy, izf'kf{kr Je] dPpk eky] vkfn vkxrsa uhph njksa ij izkIr djuk laHko cuk nsrk gSA bu lHkh
fLFkfr;ksa esa lkekftd lhekar ykHk futh lhekar ykHkksa ls vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj futh ykxrsa lkekftd
ykxrksa ls vfèkd gksrh gSaA ,slk blfy, fd izlkj dj jgh iQeZ u rks O;; dh xbZ ykxrksa vkSj u gh
iznku fd, x, ykHkksa osQ fy, vU; iQeks± ls oqQN ysrh gSA
2- mRiknu dh cká vferO;f;rk,¡ (External diseconomies of production)μmRiknu dh
cká vferO;f;rk,¡ Hkh futh vkSj lkekftd ykxrksa rFkk ykHkksa esa fopyu ykrh gSa] tc fdlh oLrq
;k lsok dk ,d iQeZ }kjk mRiknu m|ksx esa nwljh iQeks± ij izfrowQy izHkko Mkyrk gSA izks- ihxw dk
ok;q&iznw"k.k dk mnkgj.k bu fHkUurkvksa dks Li"V djrk gSA eku yhft, fd ,d iSQDVªh fdlh èkuh
vkcknh ;k vkokl {ks=k esa fLFkr gS vkSj ;g èkqvk¡ mRiUu djrh gSA iSQDVªh dk èkqvk¡ ml bykosQ osQ
fuokfl;ksa dk LokLF;] edku] ?kjsyw oLrq,¡ rFkk muosQ oL=k [kjkc djrk gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ogk¡
osQ fuokfl;ksa dh fuokZg ykxrsa dbZ rjg ls c<+ tkrh gSa] tSls diM+ksa dh èkqykbZ] ?kjsyw oLrqvksa rFkk
dejksa dh liQkbZ] rFkk edkuksa dh liQkbZ vkSj jksxu ,oa c<+h gqbZ fpfdRlk ij vfèkd O;; osQ :i
esaA ;s lkekftd ykxrsa gSa ftuosQ fy, iSQDVªh bykosQ osQ fuokfl;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ ugha djrh vkSj bl rjg
Lo;a ykHk mBkrh gSA bl izdkj futh ykxrsa lkekftd ykxrksa ls de gSa] vkSj iSQDVªh osQ futh ykHk
lkekftd ykHkksa ls vfèkd gSa D;ksafd iSQDVªh dk ekfyd {ks=k osQ fuokfl;ksa }kjk fd, x, O;; ls cp
tkrk gS vkSj blls futh ykHk dekrk gSA bl izdkj] futh ykxrksa vkSj ykHkksa dh rqyuk esa lkekftd
ykxrsas vfèkd vkSj ykHk de gksrs gSaA
3- miHkksx dh cká ferO;f;rk,¡ (External economies of consumption)μmiHkksx dh cká
ferO;f;rk,¡ fofHkUu miHkksDrkvksa }kjk larqf"V;ksa dh xSj&ek£dV ijLij&fuHkZjrkvksa ls izkIr vkuan ls

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