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lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar
uksV mnkgj.k osQ fy, (1) ;fn ,d O;fDr vius vk; dk cM+k Hkkx cpkrk gS] rks ,slk mlosQ fy, ykHkdkjh
gks ldrk gS] ¯drq ;fn lewpk lekt igys ls vfèkd cpr djus yxs rks bldk ifj.kke gksxk% oqQy miHkksx
esa deh] oqQy ek¡x esa deh] oqQy iw£r esa deh rFkk jk"Vªh; vk; esa dehA bl izdkj] vfèkd cpr lewps
lekt osQ fy, fouk'kdkjh gks ldrh gSA (2) ;fn ,d O;fDr cSad esa iM+s vius leLr èku dks fudyok
ysrk gS] rks blls cSad dks dksbZ gkfu ugha gksxh_ ¯drq ;fn lHkh tekdrkZ viuk&viuk iwjk èku cSad ls
fudyok ysrs gSa] rks cSad isQy gks tk,xkA (3) ;fn ,d Jfed de etnwjh ij dke djus osQ fy, eku tk,
rks mls jkstxkj izkIr gks tk,xk] ¯drq ;fn lHkh Jfed viuh etnwjh&nj ?kVk nsa rks mudh vk; ?kV tk,xh]
mudh oqQy ek¡x ?kV tk,xh ftlls oqQy mRiknu Hkh ?kV tk,xkA ifj.kkeLo:i jkstxkj dk Lrj c<+us dh
vis{kk ?kVus yxsxkA ,sls fojksèkkHkkl gh] O;f"V&vFkZ'kkL=k rFkk lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ varj dks js[kkafdr djrs
gSaA ;gh O;f"V rFkk lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fojksèkkHkkl gSaA
izksú cks¯YMx (Prof. Boulding) us O;f"V rFkk lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ varj dks ,d o`{k rFkk ,d taxy osQ
mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj ftl izdkj ,d taxy vusd o`{kksa dk lewg gksrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj
,d vFkZO;oLFkk vla[; O;fDr;ksa dk tksM+ gksrh gSA ,d o`{k rFkk ,d taxy esa ik, tkus okys varj bl izdkj
gSaµ(d) ,d O;fDrxr o`{k ej ldrk gS fdUrq taxy lnk dk;e jgrk gSA ([k) ,d o`{k esa vkx yxus dh
dksbZ izo`fÙk ugha ik;h tkrh ¯drq taxyksa esa vkx dk yxuk ,d lkèkkj.k ckr gSA (x) ,d O;fDrxr o`{k dk
vklikl dh tyok;q ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk ¯drq ,d taxy tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ,sls gh varj
O;f"V rFkk lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA vr% dbZ ckj ,slk izrhr gksrk gS tSls fd ,d vk£Fkd fØ;k
esa O;fDrxr n`f"Vdks.k ls ifjorZu gks jgk gS ¯drq ,d leqPp; (Aggregate) osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls mlesa fLFkjrk ikbZ
tkrh gSA
O;f"V&vFkZ'kkL=k rFkk lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ varj dk vè;;u djus ls gesa ;g fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyuk pkfg, fd
;g nksuksa vFkZ'kkL=k dh ijLij i`Fkd 'kk[kk,¡ gSaA fuf'pr :i ls ughaA okLro esa ,d osQ vè;;u ls nwljs osQ
vè;;u dk ifjKku izkIr gksrk gSA ;g rks ;FkkFkZ esa fofHkUu vk£Fkd leL;kvksa rFkk eqíksa osQ vè;;u dh fofHkUu
fofèk;k¡ gSaA vusd ckj ;s ,d nwljs osQ iwjd gks tkrs gSaA izk;% lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh i`"BHkwfe esa (tSls] vk;]
jkstxkj rFkk oqQy ek¡x dk Lrj) O;fDrxr mRiknd ;g fu.kZ; ysrs gSa fd mUgsa D;k rFkk fdruk mRiknu djuk
gSA blh izdkj izk;% lalkèkuksa osQ orZeku caVokjs dh O;f"V Lrj ij i`"BHkwfe esa lef"V Lrj ij vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
Hkkoh fodkl lacaèkh ;kstuk,¡ rFkk dk;ZØe cuk, tkrs gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks) :
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1- lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k laiw.kZ osQ dk;Zdj.k ls lacafèkr gSA
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2- lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k ls vfHkizk; O;kid Lrj ij laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk djuk gSA
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3- lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k dk lacaèk leLr vFkZO;oLFkk vFkok mlosQ cM+s&cM+s ls gSA
uksV~l lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k esa laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Lrj ij vk£Fkd leL;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk
gSA
4 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
