Page 12 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar

uksV 1-3 lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh eq[; leL;k,¡ (Major Macroeconomic Issues)

gesa lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ D;k O;f"V&vFkZ'kkL=k vk£Fkd leL;kvksa dks le>us] mudk
fo'ys"k.k rFkk lekèkku djus osQ fy, dkiQh ugha gS\ fuf'pr :i ls ughaA O;f"V&vFkZ'kkL=k esa ge vk£Fkd
leL;kvksa dk vè;;u O;fDrxr vk£Fkd bdkbZ osQ :i esa djrs gSa] tSls [kk| m|ksx] iQyksa dk mRiknu ;k diM+s
dk mRiknuA ¯drq oqQN leL;k,¡ ,slh Hkh gks ldrh gSa tks leLr m|ksxksa ;k lkekU; :i ls lHkh mRiknu bdkb;ksa
ls lacafèkr gksa] tSls vkèkkfjd lajpukRed lqfoèkk,¡ (Infrastructural Facilities) ftuesa izpqj ek=kk esa fctyh
(vFkok ÅtkZ osQ vU; lkèkuksa) dk izkoèkku gksrk gS] lk[k rFkk vU; cSa¯dx lqfoèkkvksa osQ vfrfjDr dk;ZoqQ'ky
lapkj rFkk ;kr;kr dh lqfoèkkvksa dk Hkh izkoèkku gksrk gSA bu lqfoèkkvksa dh vko';drk izR;sd m|ksx dks gksrh
gSA okLro esa ;g mRiknu fØ;k dh lkekU;r% ewy vko';drk,¡ gSaA bu leL;kvksa dk gy laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ Lrj ij <wa<k tkrk gSA bldk fufgrkFkZ lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vè;;u dh vfuok;Zrk gSA oqQN lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k
lacaèkh leL;kvksa dk vkxs mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dk vè;;u ,d
fof'k"V 'kk[kk osQ :i esa vko';d gksrk gSA

(1) lao`f¼ rFkk fodkl (Growth and Development)

lao`f¼ rFkk fodkl lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ vFkok lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k lacaèkh uhfr;ksa osQ eq[; dkjd gSaA fofHkUu ns'kksa
dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ Hkwe.Myh; ,dhdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa] ¶lao`f¼ rFkk fodkl¸ lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
vè;;u dk osaQnz cu x, gSaA vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fujarj lao`f¼ vko';d gS vkSj ;g lao`f¼ (oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa
osQ izkokg osQ :i esa) vke turk osQ c<+ jgs thou&Lrj osQ :i esa n`f"Vxkspj gksuh pkfg, vFkok thou dh
xq.koÙkk esa lewpk lqèkkj gksuk pkfg,A lao`f¼ dks fodkl esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
èkuh rFkk fuèkZu osQ chp ikbZ tkus okyh [kkbZ dk varj le; osQ lkFk&lkFk de gksuk pkfg,A okLro esa] lo`f¼
rFkk fodkl dh leL;k] dk fudV Hkwrdky esa] egÙo cgqr c<+ x;k gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh izkfIr (i) i;kZoj.k
osQ iru rFkk (ii) izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa (fo'ks"kdj xSj&uohuhdj.k lalkèkuksa) osQ vR;fèkd 'kks"k.k }kjk ugha gksuh
pkfg, D;ksafd blesa Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh mRiknu {kerk osQ de gks tkus dk Hk; gSA bl lanHkZ esa gh vFkZ'kkL=kh
¶èkkj.kh; fodkl¸ (Sustainable Development) dh ckr djrs gSa vkSj ;gh vkt dh lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh
mHkjrh gqbZ leL;k gSA okLro esa] fu;kstuksa rFkk jktuhfrKksa dks lpsr fd;k tkrk gS fd oks bl izdkj dh
lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k lacaèkh uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djsa ftuls lqlaxr vk£Fkd lao`f¼ (oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh c<+ jgh
miyCèkrk osQ :i esa) rFkk lkekftd U;k; (vFkkZr~ èku rFkk vk; osQ leku caVokjs osQ :i esa) lqfuf'pr gks
rFkk u rks i;kZoj.k dk iru gks vkSj u Hkkoh&ihf<+;ksa dh mRiknku {kerk esa fdlh izdkj dh deh gksA

(2) jks”kxkj (Employment)

lu~ 1930 osQ n'kd esa fo'oHkj esa egkeanh (Great Depression) ikbZ xbZ FkhA vk£Fkd xfrfofèk;k¡ cgqr eaan iM+
xbZ FkhaA oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh ek¡x de gks xbZ FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i] O;kikfjd ykHkksa esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ rFkk
cM+s iSekus ij fuos'k dh ek=kk esa dVkSrh gqbZ rFkk csjkstxkjh iSQy xbZA ;fn mRiknu osQ {ks=k esa dk;Z'khy tula[;k
osQ cgqr cM+s izfr'kr dks csjks”kxkjh dk lkeuk djuk iM+s rks ;g ,d ,slh leL;k cu tkrh gS ftldk lekèkku
lewph vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Lrj ij djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA ;g lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh ,d izeq[k leL;k gSA
Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ,d fujarj Mjkouh leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA voqQ'ky Jfed cM+s iSekus ij xzkeh.k csjks”kxkjh ls
ihfM+r gSaA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa Hkh oqQ'ky dkjhxjksa esa vk'p;Ztud csjkstxkjh rFkk vYijkstkxkjh ikbZ tkrh gSA gekjs
ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dh leL;k bruh fo'kky rFkk nh?kZdkfyd gS fd ljdkj dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vkj{k.k
(Reservation) osQ fy, foo'k gksuk iM+k gSA bl vkj{k.k dks futh {ks=k esa Hkh ykxw djus osQ iz;kl fd, tk
jgs gSaA Hkyk] vkj{k.k dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+sxh ;fn mu lcdks] tks izpfyr etnwjh nj ij dke djus osQ fy,

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