Page 13 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

bdkbZµ1% lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dk ifjp;

rS;kj rFkk bPNqd gSa] i;kZIr la[;k esa ukSdfj;ksa dk l`tu fd;k tk,\ ;g ckr fuf'pr :i ls dgh tk ldrh uksV
gS fd gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl ml nj ij ugha gks jgk gS ftl ij ns'k dh leLr ekuo 'kfDr dks dke
ij yxk;k tk losQA
csjkstxkjh osQoy Hkkjr tSls vYifodflr ns'kksa dh gh ,d fo'ks"krk ugha gSA ;g leL;k ;w-osQ- rFkk ;w- ,l-,-
tSls fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, Hkh xaHkhj cuh gqbZ gSA fodflr rFkk vYifodflr ns'kksa esa osQoy csjkstxkjh dh izÑfr
esa gh varj ik;k tkrk gSA vYifodflr ns'kksa esa budh izÑfr nh?kZdkfyd (Chronic) gksrh gS vkSj bldk dkj.k
mRiknu {kerk esa deh dk gksuk gSA blosQ foijhr] fodflr ns'kksa esa bldh izÑfr pØh; (Cyclical) gksrh gS
ftldk dkj.k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh ek¡x esa gksus okyh deh gSA fiQj Hkh] lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ
leL;k csjkstxkjh gS vkSj bldk lacaèk lalkj dh lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls gSA

(3) O;kolkf;d pØ (Business Cycle)

vk£Fkd fØ;k eas lnSo mrkj&p<+ko ik;k tkrk gS] blesa gksus okys ifjorZu dh vkÑfr Hkh lnSo fLFkj (steady)
ugha jgrhA tc vk£Fkd fØ;k ean iM+ tkrh gS rc bls eanh (Recession) dh fLFkfr dgk tkrk gSA tc ;g
fuEure fLFkfr dks igq¡p tkrh gS rc bls vR;fèkd eanh (Depression) dh fLFkfr dgk tkrk gSA tc blesa lqèkkj
gksus yxrk gS rc bls iqu#RFkku (Recovery) dh fLFkfr dgk tkrk gS vkSj tc ;g viuh pje lhek rd igq¡p
tkrh gS] rc bls rsth (Boom) dh fLFkfr dgk tkrk gSA eanh vFkok vR;fèkd eanh fuEu ykHk dh fLFkfr gksrh
gSA bl fLFkfr esa lhekUr iQes± (Marginal Firms) can gksus yxrh gSa] fuos'k dh ek=kk esa Hkkjh deh gks tkrh gS
rFkk csjks”kxkjh Hk;adj :i èkkj.k dj ysrh gSA blosQ foijhr] rsth dh fLFkfr c<+ jgs ykHkksa dh fLFkfr gksrh gS
ftlesa fuos'k dh ek=kk rFkk mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa dh ek¡x fujarj c<+rh tkrh gSA
O;kolkf;d pØ fdlh ,d fo'ks"k iQeZ vFkok ,d fo'ks"k O;kolkf;d fØ;k rd gh lhfer ugha jgrsA ;g ,d
lef"V ?kVuk gS tks ns'k dh lHkh mRiknu bdkb;ksa dks vius ?ksjs esa ys ysrh gSA okLro esa] dHkh&dHkh ;g ,d
Hkwe.Myh; ?kVuk (Global Phenomenon) cu tkrh gS] tSlh 1930 osQ n'kd dh egkeanhA ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX;
ckr gS fd lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k dh ,d i`Fkd vè;;u dh 'kk[kk osQ :i esa mRifÙk dk Js; 1930 osQ n'kd dh
vR;fèkd eanh (Depression of 1930’s) dks tkrk gSA bl vofèk osQ nkSjku] fo'o dh iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa]
fo'ks"kdj ;w-osQ-] esa ?kksj csjkstxkjh ikbZ xbZ FkhA ;w-osQ- dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa csjks”kxkjh dh nj 25» igq¡p xbZ FkhA
,sls le; esa gh fo'o osQ egku vFkZ'kkL=kh ykWMZ osQU”k us vk; rFkk jkstxkj fl¼kar (Theory of Income and
Employment) rFkk lexz ek¡x esa deh (Deficiency of Aggregate Demand) osQ dkj.k mRiUu csjks”kxkjh dh
leL;k osQ Hkwe.Myh; mipkj dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA
okLro esa] ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dk pØh; pyu Lo;a esa ,d cM+h lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k lacaèkh leL;k gS] ftldk
lekèkku u osQoy mRikndksa vfirq ljdkj dks Hkh <wa<uk gksrk gSA mRikndksa dks ,d ,slh j.kuhfr viukuh gksrh
gS ftlosQ }kjk eanh rFkk rsth dh fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k tk losQA ljdkj dks ,slh uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk
gksrk gS ftuls O;kolkf;d pØksa osQ izHkko dks U;wure fd;k tk losQ rFkk vk£Fkd lao`f¼ osQ fLFkj ekxZ dks
lqfuf'pr cuk;k tk losQA

(4) eqnzk LiQhfr (Inflation)

eqnzk LiQhfr ml fLFkfr dks dgrs gSa ftlesa lkekU; dher Lrj (vFkZO;oLFkk dh lHkh oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh
vkSlr dher) esa ,d fuf'pr le; vofèk esa fujarj c<+us dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA iQyLo:i eqnzk dk ewY;
?kVrk gS vkSj yksxksa dh okLrfod Ø;&'kfDr de gks tkrh gSA ;g Hkh ,d vU; lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k lacaèkh leL;k
gS ftls le>uk rFkk ftldk lekèkku djuk cgqr vko';d gSA

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